Lecture 19

Question 1

6 Major Charophytecharacteristics

Answer 1

• Phragmoplast
• Branching growth
• Apical Growth
• Oogamy
• Plasmodesmata
• Retention of Egg in archegonium

Question 2

main lineages of embryophytes

Answer 2

• Chlorophytes

- Streptophytes

Question 3

novel features of embryophytes

Answer 3

1. Embryo: zygote retained, nourished by gametophyte (matrotrophy)
2. Cuticle
3. Sporopolenin walled spores(decay resistant)
4. Antheridia & Archegonia with sterile jacket
5. Sporic life cycle
6. (Stomata)

Question 4

types of bryophytes

Answer 4

• Marchantiophyta: Liverworts
• Bryophyta: Mosses
• Anthocerophyta: Hornworts

Question 5

types of Polysporangiophytes

Answer 5

• Protracheophytes

* Vascular Plants

Question 6

Bryophyte Characteristics

Answer 6

1. Embryo: zygote retained, nourished by gametophyte (matrotrophy)
2. Cuticle
3. Sporopoleninwalled spores(decay resistant)
4. Antheridia & Archegonia with sterile jacket
5. Sporiclife cycle
6. (Stomata)
7. Gametophyte Dominant & Sporophyte Dependent

Question 7

what kind of life cycle does a bryophyte have

Answer 7

a sporic life cycle

Question 8

is the gametophyte or sporophyte generation dominant in bryophytes

Answer 8

the gametophyte

Question 9

is the gametophyte or sporophyte generation dependent in bryophytes

Answer 9

the sporophyte

Question 10

is water required for fertilization in bryophytes?

Answer 10

yes

Question 11

what develops in spores in the life cycle of bryophytes?

Answer 11

protonema

Question 12

protonema

Answer 12

the first stage in development of the gamtophyte of mosses and certain liverworts

Question 13

describe the gametophyte of bryophytes

Answer 13

Gametophyte: free living and dominant.

Question 14

describe the sporophyte of bryophytes?

Answer 14

Sporophyte: dependent on gametophyte.

Question 15

how are spores dispersed in bryophytes

Answer 15

by the wind

Question 16

do bryophytes require water for fertilization

Answer 16

yes

Question 17

what is matrotrophy

Answer 17

penetrating to a form of nutrition provided by the maternal gametophyte, such as a moss gametophyte providing nutrients to the zygote and developing sporophyte

Question 18

describe the matrotophy of bryophytes

Answer 18

gametophyte provides nourishment to developing sporophyte

Question 19

do bryophytes have true vascular tissue?

Answer 19

no

Question 20

how is water transported in bryophytes

Answer 20

water transports external via capillary action.

Question 21

hydroids

Answer 21

elongate transport cells, no lignin, water permeable. (in some mosses)

Question 22

leptoids

Answer 22

food conducting cells similar to phloem. (in some mosses)

Question 23

do bryophytes have true leaves

Answer 23

no

Question 24

true or false, bryophytes have roots

Answer 24

false

Question 25

what is the function of a rhizoids

Answer 25

attachment

Question 26

do bryophytes have hydroids and leptoids?

Answer 26

no

Question 27

what bryophyte phylum do liverworts belong to

Answer 27

marchantiophyta

Question 28

how many species of liverworts are there

Answer 28

approximately 6000

Question 29

describe the morphology of a liverworts

Answer 29

* Leafy or... * Thalus: Undifferentiated tissue. * Cuticle with pores for gas exchange. * No stomata. * Rhizoids for attachment, no absorption.

Question 30

what kind of environments do liverworts reproduce in?

Answer 30

moist, cool, and shady environments

Question 31

do liverworts have sexual or asexual reproduction

Answer 31

both

Question 32

how does asexual reproduction happen in liverworts?

Answer 32

fragmentation and gemmae

Question 33

do liverworts require water for sexual reproduction?

Answer 33

yes

Question 34

what is the function of an antheridia

Answer 34

to produce sperm located on the top surface of the disc.

Question 35

what is the male gametophyte of a liverwort

Answer 35

antheridia

Question 36

what is the function of an archegonia

Answer 36

to produce eggs

Question 37

what is the function of the female gametophyte of of liverworts

Answer 37

to make the gametes

Question 38

what is the female gametophyte of a liverwort

Answer 38

archegonia

Question 39

bryophyta consists of the ____

Answer 39

mosses

Question 40

what is the diversity of the bryophytes

Answer 40

1. sphagnidae 2. andreaeidae 3. bryidae

Question 41

how many species of sphagnidae are there?

Answer 41

less than 400 species

Question 42

how many species of andreaeidae are there

Answer 42

approximately 100 species

Question 43

how many species of bryidae are there?

Answer 43

less than 9500 species

Question 44

what are the morphological types of mosses?

Answer 44

cushiony and feathery

Question 45

how many cells thick are the leaves of mosses?

Answer 45

one

Question 46

do mosses have a cuticle with a stomata?

Answer 46

yes, in their sporophyte only

Question 47

do mosses have rhizoids? why?

Answer 47

for attachment and no absorbtion

Question 48

does sexual reproduction of mosses require water?

Answer 48

yes

Question 49

what kind of habitat do mosses reproduce in?

Answer 49

moist (sometimes transistently)

Question 50

do all mosses have a green gametophyte?

Answer 50

yes

Question 51

what are the male and female gametophytes of a moss

Answer 51

antheridia and archegonia

Question 52

do all mosses have a sporophyte?

Answer 52

yes

Question 53

where are spores made?

Answer 53

in the sporangium

Question 54

what is the gametophyte morphology of sphagnidae mosses?

Answer 54

Branching Stems, dead leaf cells have high water holding capacity (20x dry wt., cotton 5-6x)

Question 55

what are the functions of sphagnidae mosses?

Answer 55

* Release H+into environment...forms bogs... | * Antiseptic properties.

Question 56

how are the spores of sphanidae mosses released?

Answer 56

they are released via explosive operculum

Question 57

how many species of adreaeidae mosses are there?

Answer 57

100 species

Question 58

what color are adreaeidae mosses

Answer 58

blackish green and reddish brown

Question 59

where do adreaeidae mosses grow?

Answer 59

on rocks

Question 60

describe the structure of protonema of adreaeidae mosses

Answer 60

they contain 2 rows of cells

Question 61

describe the structure of the rhizoids of adreaeidae mosses

Answer 61

they contain two rows of cells

Question 62

how many species of bryidae mosses are there?

Answer 62

less than 9500 species

Question 63

describe the protonema of bryidae mosses

Answer 63

thy are one cell thick

Question 64

describe the structure of the leaves of bryidae mosses

Answer 64

they are one cell thick

Question 65

what is the function of hydroids and leptoids in bryidae mosses

Answer 65

internal water transport

Question 66

do bryidae mosses have stomata?

Answer 66

only in the sporophyte and some only have one guard cell

Question 67

what are the parts of the sporangium of bryidae mosses

Answer 67

the capsule the calyptra the peristome and the operculum

Question 68

what is a operculum?

Answer 68

the cap of the sporangium of bryidae mosses

Question 69

what is a calyptra?

Answer 69

the covering of the sporangium of bryidae mosses

Question 70

what is a capsule?

Answer 70

the sporangium of bryidae mosses

Question 71

how are spores dispersed in bryidae mosses

Answer 71

by wind

Question 72

what is the function of the peristome in bryidae mosses

Answer 72

spore dispersal

Question 73

what byrophyte phylum do hornworts belong to?

Answer 73

antherocerophyta

Question 74

how many species of hornworts are there?

Answer 74

aproximately 100

Question 75

what is the morphology of hornworts?

Answer 75

* Similar to liverworts * Cuticlewith stomata (sporophyte only) * Rhizoids for attachment, no absorbtion. * Single large chloroplast (most species) * Placenta & meristematicregion at base of sporophyte.

Question 76

what is the function of hornworts?

Answer 76

they are a host for N-fixing Nostoccyanobacteria.

Question 77

what kind of reproduction do hornworts have

Answer 77

sexual reproduction

Question 78

do hornworts require water for sexual reproduciton?

Answer 78

yes

Question 79

what kind of habitat do hornworts reproduce in?

Answer 79

moist environments

Question 80

what is the ancestor of bryophytes?

Answer 80

Aglaophyton major

Question 81

describe Aglaophyton major

Answer 81

- they had no vascular tissue - they had hydroids and leptoids - they had terminal sporangia

Question 82

how did early bryophytes reproduce?

Answer 82

with alternation of Isomorphic generations.

Question 83

are bryophytes primitive?

Answer 83

* Many bryophytes (mosses) can withstand intense desiccation and recover rapidly upon rehydration. * Survive Freeze drying!!! * Few Vascular Plants can.