Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

304 Health Assessment Lecture > Chapter 23: Neurologic System > Flashcards

Chapter 23: Neurologic System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the parts of the central nervous system (CNS)

A

brain and spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the parts of the peripheral nervous system (PNS):

A

all nerve fibers outside brain and spinal cord
Includes 12 pairs of cranial nerves, 31 pairs of spinal nerves, and all their branches
Carries sensory (afferent) messages to CNS from sensory receptors
Motor (efferent) messages from CNS to muscles and glands, as well as autonomic messages that govern internal organs and blood vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the cerebral cortex?

A

cerebrum’s outer layer of nerve cells
Cerebral cortex is center of functions governing thought, memory, reasoning, sensation, and voluntary movement
Each half of cerebrum is hemisphere
Each hemisphere divided into four lobes: frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is associated with Wernicke’s area in the temporal lobe?

A

language comprehension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is associated with Broca’s area in the frontal lobe?

A

motor speech

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What does damage to specific cortical areas produce?

A

-motor weakness
-paralysis
-loss of sensation
-impaired ability to understand and process language
Damage occurs when highly specialized neurologic cells are deprived of blood supply, such as when a cerebral artery becomes occluded

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the many basic functions of the hypothalamus?

A 
Major respiratory center 
Many basic functions: 
Appetite
 Sex drive
 Temperature, heart rate, blood pressure
 Sleep
 Anterior and posterior pituitary gland regulation
 Coordination of autonomic nervous system
 Stress response
 Emotional status
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What does the cerebellum do?

A

Coiled structure located under occipital lobe concerned with:
Coordination of voluntary movements, equilibrium, and muscle tone
Does not initiate, but coordinates and smoothes movements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What kind of information does the left cerebral cortex receive?

A

sensory information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What function does the left cerebral cortex control?

A

controls motor function to right side of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What does the right cerebral cortex interact with?

A

left side of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are reflexes?

A

basic defense mechanisms of the nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the four types of reflexes?

A
  1. ) deep tendon reflexes (myotatic) example: knee jerk
  2. ) Superficial example: corneal reflexes, abdominal reflex
  3. ) Visceral example: pupillary response to light
  4. ) Pathologic (abnormal) example: Babinski’s reflex or extensor plantar reflex
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

The 12 pairs of cranial nerves supply primarily:

A
  1. ) head
  2. ) neck except vagus nerve which travels to heart
  3. ) respiratory muscles
  4. ) stomach
  5. ) gallbladder
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How many cranial nerves are there?

A

12

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How many spinal nerves are there?

A

31

8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 1 coccygeal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are mixed nerves?

A

they contain both sensory and motor fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What does the autonomic system mediate?

A

unconscious activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Carry fibers are divided functionally into what 2 parts?

A

somatic and autonomic fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What should be kept in mind about nerve conduction, synapse delay, motor system, cerebral blood flow and oxygen consumption with the aging adult?

A

Velocity of nerve conduction decreases making reaction time slower in some older persons
Increased delay at synapse results in diminished sensation of touch, pain, taste, and smell
Motor system may show general slowing down of movement; muscle strength and agility decrease
Progressive decrease in cerebral blood flow and oxygen consumption may cause dizziness and loss of balance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are some topics for subjective data questions to ask your patient?

A 
Headache
Head injury
Dizziness/Vertigo
Seizures 
Tremors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

When do we perform screening neurologic examinations?

A

on well persons with no significant findings from history

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

When do we perform complete neurologic examinations?

A

on persons with neurologic concerns such as headaches, weakness, loss of coordination, or who have shown signs of neurologic dysfunction

24
Q

When do we perform neurologic recheck examinations?

A

on persons with demonstrated neurologic deficits who require periodic assessments, e.g., hospitalized persons or those in extended care

25
Q

What sequence is used for complete neurologic examinations?

A 
mental status
cranial nerves
motor system
sensory system
reflexes
26
Q

For objective data collection what equipment is required?

A 
Penlight
Tongue blade
Cotton swab
Cotton ball
Tuning fork: 128 Hz or 256 Hz
Percussion hammer
27
Q

What is cranial nerve I?

A

the olfactory nerve
(each of the first pair of cranial nerves, transmitting impulses to the brain from the smell receptors in the mucous membrane of the nose.)
(not tested routinely)

28
Q

What is cranial nerve II?

A

the optic nerve

each of the second pair of cranial nerves, transmitting impulses to the brain from the retina at the back of the eye.

29
Q

What are cranial nerves III, IV, and VI?

A

oculomotor
(each of the third pair of cranial nerves, supplying most of the muscles around and within the eyeballs.)
trochlear
(The trochlear nerve, also called the fourth cranial nerve or cranial nerve IV, is a motor nerve (a somatic efferent nerve) that innervates only a single muscle: the superior oblique muscle of the eye, which operates through the pulley-like trochlea.)
abducens
(each of the sixth pair of cranial nerves, supplying the muscles concerned with the lateral movement of the eyeballs.)

30
Q

What is cranial nerve V?

A

trigeminal nerve
(The trigeminal nerve is the fifth cranial nerve located within the brain, and is primarily responsible for transmitting sensations from the face to the brain. It is composed of three branches: the ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular. … It is also the nerve that controls the muscles used for chewing.)

31
Q

What is cranial nerve VII?

A 
facial nerve
(The facial nerve is the seventh cranial nerve, or simply cranial nerve VII. It emerges from the brainstem between the pons and the medulla, controls the muscles of facial expression, and functions in the conveyance of taste sensations from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue and oral cavity.)
32
Q

What is cranial nerve VIII?

A

acoustic nerve
(The vestibulocochlear nerve (auditory vestibular nerve), known as the eighth cranial nerve, transmits sound and equilibrium (balance) information from the inner ear to the brain.)

33
Q

What are the cranial nerves IX and X?

A

glossopharyngeal nerve
(The glossopharyngeal nerve, known as the ninth cranial nerve (CN IX), is a mixed nerve that carries afferent sensory and efferent motor information. It exits the brainstem out from the sides of the upper medulla, just rostral (closer to the nose) to the vagus nerve.)
vagus nerve
(The vagus nerve (/ˈveɪɡəs/ VAY-gəs), historically cited as the pneumogastric nerve, is the tenth cranial nerve or CN X, and interfaces with parasympathetic control of the heart, lungs, and digestive tract. The vagus nerves are paired; however, they are normally referred to in the singular.)

34
Q

What is cranial nerve XI?

A

spinal accessory nerve
(The spinal accessory nerve is the eleventh of twelve cranial nerves, which originate in the brain. This nerve innervates the trapezius and sternomastoid muscles in the neck. The sternomastoid muscle allows the head to tilt and rotate.)

35
Q

What is cranial nerve XII?

A 
hypoglossal nerve
(The hypoglossal nerve is the twelfth cranial nerve, and innervates all the extrinsic and intrinsic muscles of the tongue, except for the palatoglossus which is innervated by the vagus nerve. It is a nerve with a solely motor function.)
36
Q

What functioning does the Romberg test assess?

A

Cerebellar function

37
Q

What is the Romberg test?

A

Ask person to stand up with feet together and arms at sides; when in stable position, ask person to close eyes and to hold position for about 20 seconds

38
Q

What does the tactile discrimination (fine touch) test measure?

A

also measure discrimination ability of sensory cortex

39
Q

What is stereognosis?

A

test person’s ability to recognize objects by feeling their forms, sizes, and weights

40
Q

What is graphesthesia?

A

: ability to “read” a number by having it traced on skin

41
Q

What is two point discrimination?

A

test ability to distinguish separation of two simultaneous pin points on skin

42
Q

What is extinction?

A

simultaneously touch both sides of body at same point; normally both sensations are felt

43
Q

What is point location?

A

touch skin and withdraw stimulus promptly; ask person to put finger where you touched

44
Q

What are some examples of abnormalities in muscle tone?

A

flaccidity
spasticity
rigidity
cogwheel rigidity

45
Q

What is flaccidity?

A

A state characterised by a complete loss of muscle tone,

46
Q

What is spasticity?

A

One type of increase in muscle tone at rest; characterized by increased resistance to passive stretch, velocity dependent and asymmetric about joints (that is, greater in the flexor muscles at the elbow and the extensor muscles at the knee). Exaggerated deep tendon reflexes and clonus are additional manifestations.

47
Q

What is rigidity?

A

inflexibility or stiffness.

48
Q

What is cogwheel rigidity?

A

tension in a muscle that gives way in little jerks when the muscle is passively stretched; seen in parkinson’s disease.

49
Q

What are some examples of common diseases of motor system dysfunction?

A 
Cerebral palsy
Muscular dystrophy
Hemiplegia
Parkinsonism
Cerebellar
Paraplegia
Multiple sclerosis
50
Q

What is cerebral palsy?

A

a condition marked by impaired muscle coordination (spastic paralysis) and/or other disabilities, typically caused by damage to the brain before or at birth.

51
Q

What is muscular dystrophy?

A

a hereditary condition marked by progressive weakening and wasting of the muscles.

52
Q

What is hemiplegia?

A

paralysis of one side of the body.

53
Q

What is parkinsonism (Parkinson’s disease)?

A

a progressive disease of the nervous system marked by tremor, muscular rigidity, and slow, imprecise movement, chiefly affecting middle-aged and elderly people. It is associated with degeneration of the basal ganglia of the brain and a deficiency of the neurotransmitter dopamine.

54
Q

What is paraplegia?

A

paralysis of the legs and lower body, typically caused by spinal injury or disease.

55
Q

What is MS (multiple sclerosis)?

A

a chronic, typically progressive disease involving damage to the sheaths of nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord, whose symptoms may include numbness, impairment of speech and of muscular coordination, blurred vision, and severe fatigue.

304 Health Assessment Lecture (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions