Chapter 24 - Industrialization and Imperialism: The Making of the European Global Order Flashcards
(135 cards)
1
Q
What fundamental shift caused European expansion in the late-19th century as opposed to the earlier centuries of overseas expansion?
A
The European powers were driven by rivalries with each other (and Japanese and Americans), not the fear of Muslim kingdoms in the Middle East and north Africa or powerful empires in Asia
2
Q
How did the Europeans rule in the areas they claimed as colonial possessions as opposed to before?
A
They established direct rule, where they had once been content to control local rulers
3
Q
partition
A
the European division of Africa at the end of the 1800s
4
Q
Colonial domination contracted in ______ and expanded in _______
A
the Americas; Africa, Asia, and the Pacific
5
Q
The process of gaining colonial territory was often contrary to the interests and designs of ________
A
those in charge of European enterprises overseas
6
Q
Why were the directors of the Dutch and English East India companies opposed to political involvement?
A
Wars were expensive, and direct administration of Asian/African possessions was more so; profits, NOT EMPIRES, were the chief concern of the Dutch and English directors
7
Q
Why did the commanders actually in the colonial territories have much leeway?
A
Communication was slow; they could conquer whole provinces before home officials even knew they were on the move
8
Q
Earliest empire to be built in this fashion
A
Dutch Java
9
Q
Mataram sultants
A
ruled most of Java in 1619
10
Q
How did the Dutch gain control of Batavia?
A
They intervened in succession wars, backing the side that eventually won
11
Q
Each succession dispute in Java led to more and more __________
A
land ceded to the land-hungry Europeans
12
Q
sepoys
A
Indian troops recruited by the British
13
Q
British agents of the British East india Company repeatedly _________
A
meddled in disputes and conflicts between local princes
14
Q
The British in India were most similar to _______
A
the Dutch in Java
15
Q
British Raj
A
the British political establishment in India
16
Q
While the Dutch march inland resulted from responses to local threats and opportunities, the rise of the British Raj owed much to ____________
A
fierce global rivalry between British and French
17
Q
In the 18th century, British and French found themselves opposing in _________
A
five major wars
18
Q
With the exception of the American Revolution, British vs French wars ended in _________
A
British victories
19
Q
Who fought against the British in India (not the Indians)?
A
the French
20
Q
The first victories of the British over the French and Indian princes took place in the _______
A
south
21
Q
The British rise as a major land power in Asia hinged on ______
A
victories won in Bengal in the northeast
22
Q
The key battle characterizing the rise of the British in India was at ______ in ______
A
Plassey; 1757
23
Q
Why was Plassey remarkable?
A
3000 British troops and Indian sepoys defeated an Indian army of 50,000
24
Q
Opposing leaders at Plassey
A
It pitted the teenage nawah (ruler) against Robert Clive, the architect of the British victory in the south
25
Why was Bengal a prize?
It was a fertile and populous kingdom
26
After Plassey, the British officials of the East India Company repeatedly _______
went to war with Indian princes whose kingdoms bordered on the company's possessions
27
In the ruins of the Mughal empire, _________ fought to defend their territories
regional Indian princes
28
Intervening in regional conflicts allowed the British to _______
advance steadily inland
29
3 trading posts of Britain
Madras, Bombay, and Calcutta
30
What happened to madras, Bombay, and Calcutta?
They became the administrative centers of the the three presidencies that eventually made up the bulk of British territory in India
31
How did the British control the kingdoms of defeated or allied Indian rulers?
through agents stationed at the rulers' courts
32
princely states made up over ________ of the British Indian Empire
1/3
33
Why was it impossible for Mulsim/Hindu rulers to appeal to the defense of the homeland to drive out foreigners?
there was no sense of Indian national identity
34
________ outweighed the threat of the British in India
Old grudges and hatred
35
Why were ordinary Indians eager to serve in British regiments?
Better weapons, higher/more regular pay on average
36
Older colonies of Britain had more _____, but India had more ________
land; people
37
________ rapidly became the police of the entire British Indian empire
armies recruited from the Indian peoples
38
As the century progressed, India became an outlet for __________ and a source of ________
British investments and manufactured goods; key raw materials
39
At first, the Dutch and British were content to leave the ________ as they had found them
social systems of the peoples they ruled
40
Why were the Dutch and English forced to adapt to the ancient host cultures of their Asian colonies?
to survive in the hot tropical environments of south/southeast Asia
41
When the Dutch initially tried to create a little Holland in Java, they found that ________
the canals they built houses overlooking were breeding grounds for microbes carrying lethal diseases
42
Europeans living in the tropical colonies adopted _________, ______ and _____ habits, and the _______ styles of the Asian peoples they ruled
dress; eating; work; political
43
Mixed marriages on the part of prominent traders or officers were ___________, particularly in Java
widely accepted
44
Until the early 18th century, neither the Dutch nor British had much desire to push for changes in the ____________
social life of their Asian subjects
45
British enforced the ________ until the early 19th century
caste system
46
Neither the British nor Dutch wanted to spread _________ among the Indians or Javanese
Christianity
47
What forced the British parliament to enact significant reforms in the administration of the EIC?
rampant corruption on the part of company officials
48
How did corrupt company officials make money?
cheating the company and exploiting Indian peasants
49
These corrupt company officials were called ______
nabobs
50
The misconduct of the nabobs resulted in the ________ of 1770
Bengal famine
51
How did Lord Charles Cornwallis check widespread corruption?
By cleaning up the courts and reducing the power of local British administrators
52
What cultural force eventually spilled over into Britain's colonial domains?
Evangelical revival
53
Evangelicals wanted to end ________
slave trade
54
Jeremy Bentham, James Mill
Utilitarian philosophers
55
Utilitarian philosophers supported the Evangelicals in their _______
call for reforms in India
56
Utilitarian philosophers believed that there were __________
common principles by which human societies ought to be run to make decent living conditions for everyone
57
Utilitarians believed the British society was _______
far more advanced than Indian society
58
Utilitarians and Evangelicals pushed for __________ in India
British institutions and ways of thinking
59
Utilitarians and Evangelicals agreed that _______ was the key to revitalizing Indian civilization
Western education
60
Evangelicals and Utilitarians also pushed for reforms in ________ and a large-scale infusion of ________
Indian society; Western technology
61
At the heart of the reformers' campaign was an effort to end _____
sati
62
Ram Mohun Roy
Western-educated Indian leader who helped outlaw sati
63
Why did the reforms that the British enacted in India mark a watershed in global history?
The alien British began to transmit ideas and technology associated with western Europe's scientific and industrial revolutions to a non-Western world
64
Science and industry elevated Europeans over the rest of the world and also heightened ____________________
economic competition and political rivalries between European powers
65
In the first half of the 19th century, who dominated? By the last decades?
Britain; US, Belgium, France, Germany
66
Political leaders of expansive nations saw colonies as ________
essential to states that aspired to status as great powers
67
Colonies were seen as insurance against _______
raw material shortages and loss of overseas market outlets
68
The late 19th century was a period of recurring ___________ in Europe and the US
economic depressions
69
How did the development of mass journalism and the extension of the vote change foreign policy?
Public opinion became a major factor in foreign policy (empires were the property/pride of the nations of Europe and North America)
70
Industrial change not only justified the Europeans' grab for colonial possessions but _______
made them much easier to capture
71
Railroads increased the ______ of an army
mobility
72
Despite the military technology disadvantage, African and Asian peoples often _________
fiercely resisted colonial rule
73
Zulus at Isandhlwana
Martial peoples who had the courage to defeat sizable British forces
74
Who were usually at the forefront of guerrilla battles against the British?
religious leaders
75
Two different types of colonies
tropical dependencies and settlement colonies
76
tropical dependencies in Africa, Asia, and the South Pacific
small numbers of Europeans ruled large populations of non-Western peoples
77
settlement colonies
a colony where large numbers of Europeans migrated (White Dominions, such as Canada and Australia)
78
What happened in settlement colonies with both many European settlers and indigenous populations?
Europeans and indigenous peoples clashed over land rights, resource control, etc.
79
How did the Europeans put down resistance and maintain control in the establishment of administrative, legal, and educational systems?
they exploited long-standing ethnic and cultural divisions between the peoples of their new African or Asian colonies
80
In west and east Africa, Europeans used peoples following animistic religions against _________
Muslim communities that existed in most colonies
81
How did colonial administrators exacerbate existing ethnic differences?
by dividing peoples in each colony into "tribes"
82
Favored minorities in each colonial area (often Christians) were recruited into ___________
civil service and police
83
The administration of the African and Asian colonies was carried out at the local level mainly by ____________
African and Asian subordinates
84
How many of these African and Asian administrative subordinates were Western educated?
not many - most were recruited from indigenous elite groups
85
In contrast to Java and India, schools in Africa were left to _________
Protestant and Catholic missionaries
86
_______ was not promoted in Africa
higher education
87
The discouragement of higher education ____________ of a middle class
stunted
88
As more Europeans went to the colonies, with whom did they socialize?
Increasingly only themselves
89
The trend toward social exclusion were reinforced by notions of _________
white racial supremacy
90
Europeans devised incentives for colonized peoples to _________
expand export production
91
Head and hut taxes were imposed that could only be paid on _________
ivory, palm nuts, or wages earned working on European estates
92
How were the economies of most of Africa, India, and southeast Asia reorganized to serve the needs of the industrializing European economies?
Roads and railways were built; mining secotrs grew dramatically
93
African and Asian laborers who produced products were paid ______
poorly, if at all
94
Belgian Congo and India: settlers were _______ by colonized peoples
overwhelmingly outnumbered
95
examples of settler colonies
Canada, US, Argentina, Chile, Australia
96
Farmers of the initial Dutch colony at Cape Town
Boers
97
What did the Boers do?
move into the vast interior regions of the conetinent
98
The Boer farmers enslaved the _________
Khoikhoi and the San (indigenous peoples)
99
Extensive miscegenation between the Boers and Khoikhoi produced the _______
colored population
100
Who captured Cape Town during the French Revolution?
British
101
How did the Boers and the British differ?
British were shaped by industrialization and scientific revolutions. Evangelical missionaries wanted to eradicate slavery
102
Great Trek
tens of thousands of Boers migrated in covered wagons pulled by oxen
103
The Great Trek caused Boers to clash with ________
established African states (Bantu peoples)
104
The British followed Boer pioneers along southern and eastern coasts, eventually establishing a second major outpost at Durban in _____
Natal
105
Two Boer Republics
Orange Free State, Transvaal
106
The Boers tried to keep free of ______ influence
British
107
Cecil Rhodes
British entrepreneur in south America, manipulated politics to gain entry to resources
108
What caused British entrepreneurs to move into the Orange Free State?
discovery of diamonds
109
What was discovered in the Transvaal?
gold
110
What led to the republics' declaration of war against the British in late 1899?
British efforts to protect miners and financiers and to bring the feisty and independent Boers into line
111
What was the war called of Boer assaults against British bases in Natal, the Cape Colony, etc.?
Anglo-Boer War
112
Diseases and peoples of the South Pacific
they had no immunities to the diseases European explorers brought
113
Living in isolation meant that South Pacific cultures were extremely __________
vulnerable to corrosive effects of outside influences
114
Hawaii and New Zealand contained some of the largest __________ in the Pacific region
population concentrations
115
In both cases of Hawaii and New Zealand, the threatened peoples ___________ and found _________
rebounded; enduring solutions to the challenges from overseas
116
people of New Zealand
Maori
117
First period of disruption for the Maori
timber merchants and whalers established small settlements on the New Zealand cost
118
The timer merchants and whaler sin the 1790's caused a spread of _______
alcholism and prostitution
119
Maori traded wood and food for _______
European firearms
120
European firearms upset the existing _________
balance between tribal groups
121
What ravaged Maori communities in the 1790's?
diseases
122
How did the Maori adjust to the imports of foreigners?
Took up farming with European implements, grazed cattle purchased from European traders
123
The arrival of _________ in the early 1850s plunged the Maori into misery and despair
British farmers and herders in search of land
124
The Maori built up immunities and learned to use ______________ to defend themselves
European laws and political institutions
125
Hawaii did not become a colony until ______
US proclaimed annexation in 1898
126
Hawaii was opened to the West through the voyages of _______
Captain James Cook
127
Kamehameha
young Hawaiian prince who was convinced that an imitation of Western ways could produce a unified kingdom
128
__________ won Kamehameha his kingdom
vigorous wars
129
How did Keopuolani and Liliuokalani advance change?
by insisting that traditional taboos subordinating women should be abandoned
130
How did the religious missionaries have wide implications?
they insisted women cover their breasts, and the muumuu was inented
131
Western-imported diseases _________
killed many Hawaiians
132
Who was brought in to staff the estates as a result of Hawaiian population decline?
Asian workers
133
How did Westerners exploit the Hawaiian economy?
Whalers created seaport towns; Western settelrs (haoles) experimented with commercial crops
134
Under a weakened state, planter interests pressed for special _________
treaters with the US to promote sugar exports
135
Hawaiians were not enslaved, so Americans in Hawaii did not apply the same degree of _________
racism
