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World History > Chapter 27 > Flashcards

Chapter 27 Flashcards

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1
Q

_______ were the only societies outside the West to begin a wholesale process of industrialization before the 1960s

A

Russia and Japan

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2
Q

Napoleon’s 1812 invasion of Russia led to a new concern with ________

A

defense

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3
Q

Conservative intellectuals of Russia supported the move toward ___________

A

renewed isolation

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4
Q

To resist Napoleon’s pressure in the early 1800s, the government introduced ___________

A

some improvements in bureaucratic training

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5
Q

Alexander 1 sponsored the _________

A

Holy Alliance

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6
Q

Holy Alliance

A

Russia, Prussia, and Austria would combine to defend religion & the established order

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7
Q

What caused new tensions in Russia?

A

Defending the status quo with the Holy Alliance

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8
Q

Russia’s ruling elite welcomed Western _________ but censored __________

A

artistic styles; liberal/radical political values

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9
Q

Decembrist uprising

A

a revolt of Western-oriented army officers in 1825 in Russia

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10
Q

During the reign of the tsar Nicholas I, ______ stiffened and ______ expanded

A

repression of political opponents; secret police

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11
Q

Partly because of political repression, Russia largely avoided the wave of ____________

A

revolutions that spread through Europe

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12
Q

Russia turned more conservative while maintaining the tradition of ________

A

territorial expansion

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13
Q

Uprisings in ____ occurred in 1830 and 1831

A

Poland

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14
Q

As the West industrialized, Russia ______

A

did nothing

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15
Q

How did Russian landlords increase exports?

A

tightening labor obligations on their serfs

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16
Q

Crimean War

A

Nicholas I provoked conflict with Ottomans –> Britain + France came directly to the Ottomans’ aid and beat Russia

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17
Q

The Crimean War indicated _____

A

it was time for a change

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18
Q

The first reform was targeted at ____

A

serfdom abolishment

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19
Q

The emancipation of the serfs meant that serfs got _____ of the land and aristocrats got ______

A

most, some

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20
Q

After 1861, Russia was a classic case of a society in the midst of rapid change where ___________

A

reform did not go far enough to satisfy key protest groups

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21
Q

zemstvoes

A

local political counsels

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22
Q

How was the Russian army improved?

A

officer corps improved through merit promotion

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23
Q

In the 1870s, Russia began to create ________

A

an extensive railroad network

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24
Q

_______ connected European Russia with the Pacific

A

trans-Siberian railroad

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25
Under Sergei Witte, the government enacted ___________
high tariffs to protect Russian industry
26
By 1900, approximately half of Russian industry was ______
foreign owned
27
Russia's world rank was a function more of its __________ than of ________
great size and population; mechanization
28
2 strands of educated Russians clamoring for revolutionary change
business/professional people, intelligentsia
29
Many Russian radicals were ______
anarchists
30
Given the lack of popular support for anarchism, ________ seemed the only way to attack the existing order
assassinations/bombings
31
Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov (Lenin)
Introduced important innovations in Marxist theory to make it appropriate for Russia
32
Bolsheviks
A group of Russian Marxists
33
Russo-Japanese War
Japan became worried about further Russian expansion in northern China
34
Who won the Russo-Japanese War?
the Japanese
35
unexpected defeat in war unleashed ___________
massive protests in the Russian Revolution of 1905
36
duma
national parliament
37
Stolypin reforms
peasants gained greater freedom from redemption payments and village controls
38
kulaks
aggressive entrepreneurs who began to increase agricultural produciton
39
What happened to the Stolypin reforms?
the package came unglued, triggering new strikes
40
taxes during the first half of the 1800s in Japan were based on _______
agriculture
41
terakoya
commoner schools to teach reading writing, and Confucianism
42
Dutch Studies
group of Japanese scholars interested in Western science and technology above Chinese
43
an American commodore who visited Edo Bay with American fleet in 1853, won rights for American trade with Japan
Matthew Perry
44
Westerners living in Japan would be governed by ________, not by ________
their own representatives; Japanese law
45
What did the samurai think of the opening of Japan?
Some saw opportunity in chang.
46
The complex shogunate system had depended on __________
isolation policy
47
Political crisis in Japan in the 1860s was sparked by _________
samurai attacks on foreigners
48
Civil war in Japan broke out in ______
1866
49
When _________, many Japanese were shocked out of their traditional reliance on their own superiority
samurai defeated a shogunate force
50
In 1868, the crisis in Japan came to an end because of what event?
The victorious reform group proclaimed a new emperor named Mutsuhito
51
Mutsuhito's region was called _____
Meiji, or "Enlightened"
52
The Meiji government abolished _________
feudalism
53
The daimyo were replaced in 1871 with __________
nationally appointed prefects
54
The prefect system was copied from _________
French practice
55
The Japanese government did what with samurai officials and for what purpose?
Sent them abroad to western Europe and the US to study economic and political institutions and technology
56
What was the basic goal of the "enlightened" samurai?
Japan's domestic development, accompanied by a careful diplomatic policy that would avoid antagonizing the West
57
Between what dates did the Meiji ministers introduce a real social revolution?
1873, 1876
58
During the social revolution, the samurai class was ________
abolished
59
The tax on agriculture was converted to ________
a wider tax, payable in money
60
Although the samurai were compensated by government-backed bonds, may samurai became _____
poor
61
In 1877, a final _______ occurred
samurai uprising
62
To stop the samurai, the government had introduced an ___________
army based on national conscription
63
Politically, many former samurai organized _________
political parties
64
The bureaucracy was reorganized in Japan on the basis of ________
civil service examinations
65
The Japanese constitution instituted in 1889 ensured _______________
rights for the emperor and limited powers for the lower house of the Diet
66
Diet
the new parliament in Japan
67
Which Western country provided the political model for Japan?
Germany
68
Political power in Japan was afforded to a group of _________ and _________ who influenced the emperor and pulled strings within the parliament
wealthy businesspeople; former nobles
69
C/C Russian and Japanese politics
Both states were centralized and authoritarian, but Japan had incorporated business leaders into its governing structure, whereas Russia defended a more traditional social elite
70
Economically, attention was focused on creating the conditions necessary for __________
industrialization
71
_______ and _____ were abolished to create a national market
guilds; internal road tariffs
72
New _________ funded growing trade and provided capital for industry
government banks
73
________ spread across the country
state-built railroads
74
What was one of the key government agencies setting overall economic policy as well as operating specific sectors?
Ministry of Industry
75
zaibatsu
Huge industrial combines formed as part of the process of industrialization
76
By ______, the Japanese economy was fully launched in an industrial revolution
1900
77
Japan still depended on imports of ________________
imports of Western equipment and raw materials such as coal for industrial purposes
78
the Industrial Revolution helped generate an ___________ foreign policy
aggressive
79
Better nutrition and new medical provisions reduced death rates, resulting in _________
population growth
80
Population growth strained ________, but ensured _________
resources and stability; constant supply of low-cost labor
81
What was education like in Japan?
The government introduced a universal education system, providing primary schools for all
82
What did the Japanese education stress?
science and the importance of technical subjects
83
Many Japanese copied _______ as part of the effort to become modern
Western fashions
84
Japan saw the West as _______
obscene in some ways
85
Which religions in Japan won and lost?
Buddhism lost some ground and Shintoism won new interest
86
How did new imperialism relieve strains within Japanese society?
it allowed displaced samurai the chance to exercise their military talents elsewhere
87
Sino-Japanese War
Japan defeated China
88
Why did the Japanese plan a war with Russia?
it was humiliated by Western insistence that it abandon the Liaodong peninsula it had just taken from China
89
A 1902 ___________ was an important sign of Japan's arrival as an equal nation in the Western-dominated world diplomatic system
alliance with Britain
90
Why did Japan win the Russo-Japanese War?
superior navy
91
Japan annexed ____ in 1910
Korea
92
Many Japanese conservatives resented the _________
passion other Japanese displayed for Western fashions
93
Political parties in Japan's parliament clashed with _______
emperor's minsters over rights to determine policy
94
The underlying theme in intellectual life was __________
confusion about a Japan that was no longer traditional, but not Western either

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