Chapter 26 - Ottoman/Islamic Middle East during Industrial Era

Question 1

In part, the Ottoman crisis was brought on by a ________________ within a political and social order that was centered on the ___________

Answer 1

succession of weak rulers; sultan

Question 2

Inactive or inept sultans opened the way for ___________

Answer 2

power struggles between ministers, religious experts, and commanders of Janissaries corps

Question 3

Competition between elite factions _________ effective leadership

Answer 3

eroded

Question 4

Ayan

Answer 4

local land-owning classes

Question 5

How was the sultan cheated of a good portion of taxes?

Answer 5

Provincial officials colluding with the ayan

Question 6

Why did the position of artisan workers in towns deteriorate?

Answer 6

competition from imported manufactures from Europe

Question 7

What did the deterioration of the artisan workers lead to?

Answer 7

urban riots

Question 8

____________ became more dependent on commercial dealings with European counterparts

Answer 8

Merchants (especially Jews and Christians)

Question 9

In early 1700s, the _________ was the main beneficiary of Ottoman decadence

Answer 9

Austrian Habsburg dynasty

Question 10

In the late 1700s, the _________ became the main threat to the Ottomans’ survival

Answer 10

Russian Empire

Question 11

As Russians took Ottoman lands, the subject ____________ grew more and more restive under Ottoman rule

Answer 11

subject Christian peoples of the Balkans

Question 12

By 1830 the Greeks had _______________

Answer 12

regained their independence from the Ottomans

Question 13

In 1867 _____ had also gained freedom

Answer 13

Serbia

Question 14

After the 1870’s, Istanbul was threatened by ________ armies or those of the newly formed ____________

Answer 14

Russian; Balkan states

Question 15

How was Ottoman survival related to Europe?

Answer 15

European balance of power prevented any one from conquering Ottomans

Question 16

Ultimately, Ottomans’ survival depended on _________

Answer 16

reforms from within

Question 17

Ottoman reform was initiated by ________ and ________

Answer 17

sultans; their advisors

Question 18

Ottoman reform was carried out in the _____

Answer 18

1800s

Question 19

At each stage, reform initiatives __________ within ruling elite

Answer 19

increased tensions

Question 20

Sultan Selim III

Answer 20

reforms aimed at improving administrative efficiency and building new army and navy

Question 21

Selim was toppled by ______

Answer 21

a Janissary revolt

Question 22

Mahmud II succeeded. True or false?

Answer 22

True

Question 23

How did Mahmud succeed?

Answer 23

He secretly built a professional army, which easily cut down the Janissaries.

Question 24

How did Mahmud pattern his reform?

Answer 24

On Western precedents, as opposed to the ulama Islamic strengthening

Question 25

Tanzimat reforms

Answer 25

established Western-style university, state postal system, railways, legal reforms, constitution

Question 26

Which groups were adversely affected by the reforms?

Answer 26

artisans

Question 27

Which social group did not gain anything from the reforms?

Answer 27

women

Question 28

Western-educated bureaucrats, military officers, and professionals saw the sultanate as __________

Answer 28

a major barrier to even more radical reforms and the full transformation of society

Question 29

the new elites clashed with _________

Answer 29

conservative but powerful groups, such as ulama and ayan

Question 30

Abdul Hamid

Answer 30

sultan who attempted to return to despotic absolutism

Question 31

Abdul Hamid nullified the _____

Answer 31

constitution

Question 32

How did Abdul still exhibit westernization?

Answer 32

Military (European techniques), railways, telegraph lines, educational systems

Question 33

Abdul Hamid was stopped in the ________

Answer 33

bloodless coup of 1908

Question 34

Resistance to Hamid's authoritarian rule led intellectuals to found the ____________

Answer 34

Ottoman Society for Union and Progress

Question 35

Members of the Ottoman Society for Union and Progress were known as _____

Answer 35

the Young Turks

Question 36

After the coup, the sultan was _________

Answer 36

retained as a political figurehead and the highest religious authority in Islam

Question 37

The officers that took power soon _______

Answer 37

became embroiled in factional fights that took up much of the limited time remaining before World War I

Question 38

The officers' hold on power was shaken when ___________

Answer 38

they lost a new round of wars in the Balkans

Question 39

Arabs thought that the coup would bring about the __________

Answer 39

end of the domination by the Turks

Question 40

By the early 1800s, the _________ of the Fertile Crescent, Egypt, coastal Arabia, and north Africa had lived for centuries under Ottoman-Turkish rule

Answer 40

Arab peoples

Question 41

Although Arabs resented Turkish domination, how did they identify with Ottomans?

Answer 41

As fellow Muslims

Question 42

________ engendered a sense of crises among the Islamic faithful in the Middle Eastern heartlands

Answer 42

European capture of Islamic states from those in the Indonesian archipelago and India to Algeria

Question 43

__________ in 1798 first sent shock waves across the independent Muslim world

Answer 43

Napoleon's invasion of Egypt

Question 44

Mamluk means _____

Answer 44

slave

Question 45

Mamluks begun as _______

Answer 45

slaves who served Muslim overlords

Question 46

Murad

Answer 46

head of the coalition of Mamluk households that shared power in Egypt

Question 47

Why was Napoleon forced to abandon his army?

Answer 47

British sunk the French fleet

Question 48

Muhammad Ali

Answer 48

young officer of Albanian origins who emerged as the effective ruler of Egypt

Question 49

What did Muhammad Ali devote his resources to?

Answer 49

building an up-to-date European-style military force

Question 50

Muhammad Ali successfully invaded _____ and threatened ______ on a number of occasions

Answer 50

Syria; Istanbul

Question 51

Why was it difficult for Egyptians to create an industrial sector?

Answer 51

Competition and opposition of European powers

Question 52

khedives

Answer 52

formal rulers of Egypt until overthrown by military coup

Question 53

________ went hungry while ______ grew fat after Muhammad Ali

Answer 53

peasantry; landlord class

Question 54

Expansion of cotton production rendered Egypt _______

Answer 54

dependent on a single export

Question 55

Revenue that the khedives managed to collect was ________

Answer 55

wasted on elites connected tot he palace

Question 56

What did the khedives' inability to balance their books lead to?

Answer 56

debt to European financiers

Question 57

First motive of Europeans to lend to Egypt

Answer 57

access to cheap cotton

Question 58

By 1850's, second motive of Europeans to lend to Egypt

Answer 58

Suez Canal

Question 59

Suez Canal connects ______ and _____

Answer 59

Mediterranean, Red Seas

Question 60

controlling the Suez Canal became one of the ____________ of their wartime operations

Answer 60

key objectives

Question 61

The ineptitude of the khedival regime and the Ottoman sultans led to _______

Answer 61

discussion among Muslim intellectuals as to warding off the Europeans

Question 62

______ became the meeting place of the intellectuals to discuss the khedival regime

Answer 62

Egypt

Question 63

Some scholars argued that the Muslim world could be saved by ________

Answer 63

a return to religious observance and social interaction

Question 64

What did Jamal al-Din al-Afghani and Muhammad Abudh believe?

Answer 64

that the Muslims needed to borrow science from the West and continue innovation

Question 65

Ahmad Arabi

Answer 65

Egyptian officer who led a revolt against Turkic dominance, forcing Khedival regime to call in British forces for support

Question 66

British intervention began dominance through _________

Answer 66

puppet khedives

Question 67

British officials controlled Egypt's ______

Answer 67

finances and foreign affairs

Question 68

Egyptian efforts to conquer and rule the Sudan were ______

Answer 68

fiercely resisted

Question 69

The sedentary people working the land along the river were ______

Answer 69

easily dominated

Question 70

Egyptian authority was concentrated in ____________, such as Khartoum

Answer 70

river towns

Question 71

Why was Egyptian rule greatly resented?

Answer 71

Notoriously corrupt, and taxes placed heavy burden on peasants

Question 72

Egyptians attempted in the 1970s to eradicate the ______

Answer 72

slave trade

Question 73

Muhammad Ahmed

Answer 73

launched revolt to purge Islam of Egyptian and British infidels

Question 74

Mahdi

Answer 74

in Sufi belief system, a promised deliverer (muhammad Ahmed)

Question 75

At the peak of his power, the Mahdi __________

Answer 75

fell ill with typhus and died

Question 76

Khalifa Abdallahi

Answer 76

Muhammad Ahmed's capable successor

Question 77

Fall of 1896

Answer 77

General Kitchener destroyed the Mahdist forces with artillery

Question 78

Battle of Omdurman

Answer 78

thousands of Mahdist cavalry slaughtered