Postclassical Era Flashcards
(299 cards)
1
Q
Eurasia gave rise to one of the world’s most extensive & sustained networks of exchange:
A
Silk Roads
2
Q
The Silk Roads linked _____ and _____ peoples
A
agricultural, pastoral
3
Q
Relay trade
A
in Silk Roads, where goods were passed down the line, changing hands many times
4
Q
Eurasia is often geographically divided into _____ and _____ zones
A
inner, outer
5
Q
What countries compose the outer region of Eurasia?
A
China, India, Middle East, Mediterranean
6
Q
What is the climate of Outer Eurasia?
A
warm, well-watered, suitable for agriculture
7
Q
What countries compose the inner region of Eurasia?
A
Russia, Central Asia, pastoral people of Inner Eurasia
8
Q
What is the climate of Inner Eurasia?
A
harsher, drier climate, not conducive to agriculture, north
9
Q
Steppes
A
Northern grasslands
10
Q
Pastoral peoples traded _____ for ______
A
products of the forest and steppes (furs, livestock), agricultural products & manufactured goods
11
Q
Movement of pastoral peoples diffused _________, _______, and _____ across Eurasia
A
metallurgy, Indo-European languages, technologies
12
Q
By the early centuries CE, indirect trading connections brokered by pastoral peoples linked ________
A
second wave Eurasian civilizations
13
Q
The Silk Road trading network prospered when __________
A
powerful states provided security
14
Q
_______ and ______ anchored long-distance commerce at the ends of Eurasia on the Silk Roads
A
China, Rome
15
Q
______ products rather than __________ were transported on the Silk Roads
A
Luxiry products, staple goods
16
Q
Why were luxury goods traded on the Silk Roads?
A
Only commodities of great value were worth the high costs of transportation
17
Q
During the Tang dynasty (think: early postclassical), what was the role of women in rural areas?
A
They were the primary producers ot textiles/silk
18
Q
Around 500s, the technology for creating raw silk __________
A
spread to Koreans, Japanese, Indians, and Persians
19
Q
In Central Asia, silk was used as ______
A
currency
20
Q
Name some contributions from China to the Silk Roads
A
silk, bamboo, mirrors, gunpowder, paper
21
Q
Name some contributions from the pastoral peoples/steppes to the Silk Roads
A
furs, walrus tusks, amber, livestock
22
Q
Name some contributions from India to the Silk Roads
A
cotton textiles, spices, herbal medicine
23
Q
Name some contributions from the Middle East to the Silk Roads
A
dates, nuts, almonds, dried fruits (FRUITS & VEGETABLES), dyes, swords, lapis lazuli
24
Q
Name some contributions from the Mediterranean basin to the Silk Roads
A
gold coins, glassware, grapevines, olive oil, artworks
25
Silk Roads served also as a conduit of culture, spreading ________ widely throughout East and Central Asia
Buddhism
26
Buddhism appealed to ________
merchants
27
Why did Buddhism appeal to merchants?
It had a universal message, as opposed to one dominated by a priestly class
28
Why was Buddhism blocked from fully penetrating the west?
Zoroastrianism
29
Merchant communities introduced ________ to northern China
Buddhism
30
Most importantly, conversion to Buddhism was a _______ process
voluntary
31
Buddhist merchants were able to earn religious merit by ______________
monasteries
32
For merchants, Buddhist monasteries became ________
familiar places of rest and resupply
33
Among pastoral peoples, conversion to Buddhism progressed ________ due to __________
slowly, an absence of written language/nomadic ways that made monasteries difficult
34
Buddhism became popular in China itself _______
only slowly
35
As Buddhism spread, it underwent _______
change
36
While the original Buddhism shunned materialism, Buddhist monasteries in oasis towns were ___________
very involved in secular affairs
37
Which variant of Buddhism flourished on the Silk Roads?
The Mahayana variant
38
Characteristic disease patterns were developed by ________
each major population center of the Afro-Eurasian world
39
Why was disease an issue, especially after the Silk Roads?
Contact among human communities exposed people to diseases for which they had little immunity or ability to cope
40
In addition to the Silk Roads, ________ trade routes likewise connected distant peoples all across the Eastern Hemisphere
sea-based
41
What represented the world's largest sea-based communication & exchange system from southern China to eastern Africa?
Indian Ocean (Sea Roads)
42
Why were transportation costs lower on the Sea Roads than the Silk Roads?
Ships accommodated larger, heavier cargoes than camels
43
The Sea Roads were more suitable for ____________
bulk goods destined for mass market
44
What climactic feature enabled the Sea Roads?
Monsoons that blew in predictable patterns (Westward Winter, eastward summer)
45
The process of the building of an understand of monsoons and improvements in shipbuilding technology was built from _________
an archipelago of towns of different merchant peoples who had more in common with each other than the people of their hinterlands
46
What were two major processes during the postclassical era that contributed to the Indian Ocean World?
Tang and Song dynasties in which China reestablished a unified state encouraging maritime trade, Islam's spread across Afro-Eurasia
47
Srivijaya
A Malay kingdom which dominated the Straits of Malacca from 670 to 1025
48
Borobudur
A massive Buddhist monument built in the Sailendra kingdom in Central Java that mounted a building program from 700 - 900, indicating Indian culture in Southeast Asia
49
Angkor Wat
The largest religious structure in the premodern world for Hinduism first and then Buddhism
50
No ___________ accompanied INdian cultural influence
imperial control
51
Sea trade also gave rise to ________ in East Africa
Swahili
52
Many Arab, Indian, and Persian merchants settled _____ in Swahili civilization
permanently
53
Swahili civilization became rapidly _____
Islamic
54
The earliest long-distance trade within the huge West Africa was not across the ______, but among the _______, or "land of the black people"
Sahara, Sudan
55
How did peoples of Sudanic West Africa engage in trade?
Used boats along Niger and donkeys for overland travel
56
What single thing made the trek across the Sahara possible by 300-400 CE?
Introduction of the camel
57
What did people seek above all else in Africa?
gold
58
Name some things that were not present in the Americas that made it more difficult for direct connections among civilizations and cultures
horses, donkeys, camels, wheeled vehicles, large oceangoing vessels
59
Why was the north/south orientation of the Americas more inhibitory than the east/west axis of Eurasia?
It required agricultural practices to move through distinct climactic/vegetation zones, slowing the spread of certain agricultural products
60
How did the emergence of Christianity and Islam contrast with most major religions and cultural traditions of the classical era?
While Confucianism, Daoism, Hinduism, Buddhism, and Zoroastrianism all arose from established civilizations, Christianity & Islam emerged from the margins of Mediterranean and Middle Eastern civilizations
61
The central region of the Arabian Peninsula was originally inhabited by the _______
Bedouins
62
The Bedouins were a _______ people
nomadic
63
In the northern and southern regions of Arabia, ____________
small kingdoms had flourished earlier
64
What gave rise to cosmopolitan cities in Arabia?
Its geographic proximity to increasingly important trade routes connecting the Indian Ocean to the Mediterranean Sea
65
What was the original Kaaba and where was it located?
It was a religious shrine housing representations of 360 deities and was the destination for many pilgrims in Mecca
66
Who controlled access to the Kaaba originally?
the Quraysh tribe
67
How did the Quraysh grow wealthy?
They taxed local trade that accompanied the annual pilgrimage season
68
Arabia was located on the periphery of which two established civilizations?
Byzantine Empire and Sassanid Empire
69
How did monotheistic ideas become introduced to Arabs?
Jews, Christians, and Zoroastrians lived among the Arabs
70
By Muhammad, most settled Arabs already acknowledged _____
Allah
71
Arabs regarded themselves as _______ along with Jews
children of Abraham
72
Muhammad's occupation was as a ______
merchant
73
The Quran represents the ________ to most Mulsims
very words of God
74
Why was the Quran revolutionary in its Arabian context?
It was radically monotheistic, it represented Muhammad as the last in the line of prophets, and it was a call to the old and pure religion of Abraham from which Jews/Christians had deviated
75
umma
Just & moral society
76
In the Quran, women were ______
spiritually equal
77
5 pillars of Islam
No god but Allah, Ritual prayer, almsgiving, month of fasting, pilgrimage to Mecca as hajj, jihad
78
Why did the Quraysh vociferously oppose Islam?
it called for social reform & condemned Mecca's business practices
79
hijra
The emigration fo Muhammad and his followers to Yathrib (later called Medina, the city of the Prophet)
80
What did Muhammad declare when he arrived at Medina?
independence from Judaism
81
When Muhammad reentered Mecca peacefully, what did he do?
Purge the Kaaba and declare it a shrine to the one God, Allah
82
Muhammad was a ______ and _____ leader as well as religious
political, military
83
Notably, there was no ________ mediating between God and mankind
professional clergy
84
sharia
one law that regulated every aspect of life
85
After Mohammad's death, Arab armies engaged the ______ and _______
Byzantine, Sassanid empires
86
Before the Arabs, Byzantium and Persia had already been ______
weakened by decades of war
87
What motivated expansion?
Merchant leaders wanted to capture profitable trade routes and wealthy agricultural regions
88
Fragile unity of ______ threatened to disintegrate after the Prophet's death, and ________ provided a common task
umma, external expansion
89
While many Muslim conquerors viewed the mission as _____, it did not mean imposing ________
jihad, religion
90
Why was it easy for many to accept the new political order?
They were already monotheists and familiar with core ideas of prayer, fasting, and prophets
91
dhimmis
How Islam recognized Jews, Christians, and Zoroastrians
92
dhimmis were protected but ________ as long as they paid _______
second class, jizya
93
Islam's association with what called into question the power of old gods?
A powerful state
94
Merchants found in Islam ________
friendliness to commerce
95
Why was the Persian conversion unique? What stayed the same even after Arab conquest?
Persians did not Arabize; they kept their language Farsi and religious ideas of Zoroastrianism permeated into Islam
96
The idea of umma became ________ as the Arab Empire became gigantic
difficult to implement
97
The first 4 caliphs were known as
the Rightly Guided Caliphs from 632-661
98
The caliphs were selected by _______
Muslim elders of Medina
99
After caliphs were selected, ______ emerged almost instantly
division
100
The first two caliphs, Uthman and Ali, were both ______
assassinated
101
Sunni felt that ________
caliphs were rightful leaders
102
Shia felt that _______
leadership should derive from line of Ali and son Husayn, blood relatives of Muhammad
103
While the Sunni/Shia divide was originally ______, it evolved into a _____ conflict
political, religious
104
Sunni felt that religious authority emerged from _______
larger community, especially religious scholars known as the ulama
105
The caliph was Mohammad's ________ successor
political
106
Shia thought that religious authority derived from _______
their leaders, imams
107
Shia did not accept that the caliphs had _______
religious authority
108
Shia thought of themselves as the
minority opposition
109
As the Arab Empire grew, the caliphs transformed from modest chiefs to _________
absolute monarchs with elaborate court rituals, complex bureaucracy, standing army, centralized taxation
110
Under the Umayyad dynasty, the capital moved from _____ to ______
Medina, Damascus
111
Umayyads were replaced by ________
Abbasids
112
The new capital under the Abbasids was _______
Baghdad
113
Why did political unity not last long in the Abbasid caliphate?
Many local governors asserted autonomy while giving formal allegiance to caliph in Baghdad
114
During the Abbasid caliphate, the Islamic world fractured into _________
series of sultanates, many ruled by Persian or Turkish military dynasties
115
sharia
body of Islamic law developed by the ulama from 700s-800s
116
sufi
Muslim mystic ascetic
117
How did sufis perceive worldly Islamic success?
as a deviation from the purer spirituality of Mohammad's time
118
Why did sufis and ulama disagree?
Sufis were critical of scholarly practitioners of sharia, thinking that ulama were corrupted by governments. Ulama thought sufis verged on heresy
119
Although they disagreed, the ulama's legalistic emphasis and Sufi spirituality were never ________
irreconciliable
120
Socially, women were _____ in the Quran
women
121
As Islam progressed, Muslim women were ________
increasingly restricted
122
hadiths
codified traditions about the sayings or actions of Muhammad
123
The hadiths notably codified _______
negative views of women
124
1258
Last Abbasid caliph was killed by Mongol forces
125
Northern India was brought Islam by _______
Turkic-speaking warriors
126
Turkic rule in northern India became more systematic with ________
the establishment of the Sultanate of Delhi
127
Differences between Hinduism and Islam
Islam was monotheistic, chaste, very equal (as opposed to caste)
128
The differences between Hinduism and Islam were so great that Hinduism could not _______
completely absorb aspects of Islam
129
Sikhism
founded in India that blended Islam with Hindu
130
Anatolia is geographically located _______
where Turkey is today
131
Anatolia, then held by ______, was invaded by the Turks
Byzantine
132
Why was Anatolia so thoroughly Islamized?
smaller, so Turkic-speaking peoples held more cultural weight
Native population was decreased by massacres
133
In West Africa, Islam was carried by ________
merchants (not armies)
134
Acceptance of Islam in West Africa was ________
voluntary
135
Islam provided an important link to _______
Muslim trading partners
136
Islam in West Africa remained as the urban culture of _____
elites
137
Islam was threatened twice by _____ and then the _______
Mongols, crusaders
138
The spread of ______ in the Middle East caused Christianity to contract in _____ and ______
Islam, Asia, Africa
139
Jerusalem was taken control of by the _______
Muslims
140
Why did Christianity contract in China further east?
In mid 800s, Chinese state turned against all religions of foreign origin
141
The majority religion of Egypt by 640 (before Islam)
Christianity
142
Even as dhimmis paying the jizya, ________ of Egyptians continued to practice ________
large quantities, Christianity
143
What motivated Muslim rulers to turn against the Christians and massacre Christians in Egypt?
The Christian crusaders raised supsicions of the political loyalty of Christian subjects
144
The exception to African contraction of Christianity was ______
Ethiopia
145
How was Ethiopian Christianity protected?
Geographically by mountains & distance from major centers of Islamic power
146
Why did Muslims generally have goodwill towards Ethiopia?
Christian Ethiopia had sheltered persecuted followers of Muhammad in Islam's early years
147
Contraction elsewhere left ____ and ____ by default centers of Christendom
Europe, Anatolia
148
The government of the Byzantine Empire was ______
tightly centralized
149
After 1085, Byzantium shrank due to what three factors?
Catholic Crusaders, aggressive Western powers, and Turkic Muslim invaders
150
Caesaropapism
Emperor acted both as a political and religious leader
151
What brought the church to every corner of the Byzantine Empire?
The dense network of bishops/priests
152
Byzantine Eastern Orthodoxy prohibited the use of ______, widening the gulf between Orthodoxy & Catholicism
icons
153
The Crusades, launched in 1095 by the Catholic pope in order to _______, exacerbated the _____ between East & West Christianity
reclaim Jerusalem, schism
154
Western Crusaders passing through Byzantium frequently ________
engaged in conflict
155
Economically, Byzantium had links to _____, _____, _____, ______, ____
Western Europe, Russia, Central Asia, the Islamic world, and China
156
Byzantium transmitted culturally ______ to the Islamic world and Christian West
classical Greek heritage
157
____ was the "third Rome"
Moscow
158
Kievan Rus was first stimulated by trade between _____ and ________
Scandinavia, Byzantium
159
Seeking to unify his diverse peoples, the prince of Kiev decided on the religion of __________
Eastern Orthodoxy voluntarily
160
Who overthrew the last Roman emperor?
Odoacer
161
Charlemagne was the ruler of the _______
Carolingian Empire
162
Within Western Europe, a highly fragmented & decentralized society known as ____ emerged with great local variation
feudalism
163
In feudalism, power was wielded by the ________
warrior elite of landowning lords
164
Lesser lords and knights swore allegiance to greater lords and became ______
vassals
165
Evidence of Roman-style social hierarchy was shown in the presence of _____, which was at the bottom of the hierarchy
serfdom
166
The hierarchical organization of the Roman catholic Church took over ______ in Western Europe
political functions
167
Literacy in ___ and ___ was the sign of _______ in the West
Greek, Latin, educated people
168
Church authorities and nobles and warriors ________ each other in Western Europe
reinforced
169
How did church authorities and nobles/warriors reinforce each other?
Rulers provided protection for papacy, and Church offered religious legitimacy, but they also competed for power.
170
Western Europe was subject to invasions before 1000 CE from these three areas:
Muslim armies in Spain, Hungarian invasions from east, and Viking incursions from the north
171
Dates of the High Middle Ages
1000-1300
172
As Western Europe developed, the independence that abbesses and their nuns had enjoyed was ________
curtailed
173
The Crusades had very little consequence in _____
the Middle East
174
In Europe, Crusades had ________ consequences
large
175
The Crusades _____ the cultural barriers between peoples. It _____ anti-Semitism, the rift between Eastern Orthodoxy, and the notion that "God wills it"
hardened, increased
176
In Western Europe, Greek rationalism diffused into the world of ______
Christianity
177
Christian scholars sought to produce a ______ for faith in Western Europe
rational foundation
178
The pastoral nomadic lifestyle only took place in the Afro-Eurasian world because there were no ______ in the Americas
large animals
179
Nomadic peoples of inner Eurasia sought acces to ____, ____, and ____ from urban workshops and farming communities of nearby civilizations
food, manufactured goods, and luxury items
180
In order to satiate their desire for goods from civilizations, they created __________ in order to effectively deal with powerful agricultural societies
tribal confederations
181
Charismatic leaders like Chinggis Khan used the concept of _________ to weld tribal alliances to become powerful states
fictive kinship
182
What military advantages did pastoral states possess?
Every male had horseback riding/hunting skills that were easily transferred to the role of the warrior
183
What sustained nomadic states?
Their ability to extract wealth through raiding, trading, or extortion
184
Conversion to various religion was ________ by rulers for ______ purposes
top-down, political
185
What are some examples of world religions that found a home in Inner Eurasia?
Juadism, Islam, Christianity, Manichaeism
186
The _______ people created a model emulated by Mongol & Turkic empires
Xiongnu
187
Provoked by Chinese penetration, the Xiongnu __________
created a huge military confederacy
188
Turkic-speaking nomads were never _______
single people
189
Turks were the ____ major carrier of Islam
third
190
Turkic language/culture spread widely over ________
inner Asia
191
Turkic-speaking nomads served as _________ for the Abbasid caliphate and then took ___________ for themselves
slave soldiers, political/military power
192
Almoravid Empire
Started as a movement among the Sanhaja Berber pastoralists to purify the practice of Islam
193
The Almoravid people controlled West African ________
gold trade
194
The Mongols themselves produced a very modest ______ imprint
cultural
195
Why did Chinggis Khan decide to expand towards China?
He needed a common task to continue the unity of the Mongols
196
What about the circumstances in which the Mongol attacks began was particularly fortuitous?
China was divided at that time and the Abbasid caliphate had shrunk to a fraction of its earlier size
197
Why was the Mongol army so effective?
Extremely well disciplined and organized
198
What underlay the military capability of the Mongols?
The ability to mobilize human & material resources
199
How did the Mongols know exactly which resources were available to them?
Elaborate census
200
Which was the most difficult & extended of the Mongols' conquests?
China
201
Mongols' conquest of China resulted in the ________ of a divided China
unification
202
The main feature of Chinese civilization that the Mongols ignored was the _______
civil examination system
203
In the eyes of Muslims, Mongols were _________
infidels
204
Mongols in Persia converted to _______
Islam
205
Mongols in Persia made use of the governmental feature _________
the extensive bureaucracy
206
Princes in Russia failed to _______ in the face of Mongol onslaught
unite
207
When the Mongol dynasty collapsed in China, the Mongols were _________
driven out
208
When the Mongol dynasty collapsed in Persia, they were _________
assimilated into Persian society
209
Devastation in Russia ___________ experienced by Persians or CHinese
matched or exeeded
210
The Mongols did not ________ Russia because they thought it had _______
occupy, little to offer
211
How did Mongols profit from Russia?
They extracted tributes from princes
212
The ________ flourished under the Mongols in Russia
Orthodox Church
213
Russian princes adopted Mongol ___________
weapons, rituals, court practices, etc.
214
Why did Mongols promote international commerce?
So they could tax it
215
Why didn't the Mongols march on Central and Western Europe?
The death of Great Khan Ogodei
216
Who benefited the most from Mongol trade?
Europe, since they were less technologically developed than Islamic and Chinese worlds
217
What flowed westward through Mongol trade?
Chinese technology & artistic conventions
218
Where did the black death most likely originate?
China
219
What carried the pestilence?
rodents, transmitted by fleas to humans
220
Why did the plague provoke conflict between workers and the rich in Europe?
Because now workers were able to demand higher wages
221
What was the primary reason for the demise of the Mongol network?
the Black Death
222
Why was one reason the Mongol Empire was in disarray?
The Central Asian trade route was largely closed due to the Black Death
223
Why did Europeans take to the sea?
The disruption of Mongol-based land routes to the east and a desire to avoid Muslim intermediaries
224
Firestick farming originated in _______
Australia
225
While Australian gatherer/hunters were called ______________, the society in North America was full of __________
Paleolithic peoples, sedentary affluent foragers
226
Agricultural village societies typically were without the __________, ______________, and ______________ so common in civilizations
oppressive political authority, class inequalities, seclusion of women
227
Title societies (Igbo people)
wealthy men received prestigious ranks
228
________ served as mediators among kinship groups among the Igbo people
hereditary ritual experts
229
The Igbo relied on other institutions to maintain ____________
social cohesion
230
Even though they did not have states and urban centers, the Igbo people still participated heavily in _________
trade
231
The Turkic warrior Timur tried to restore the ________
Mongol Empire
232
What prevented Timur's empire's lasting?
Conflict among successors
233
What were Timur's descendants able to retain for the 15th century?
The area between Persia & Afghanistan
234
During the _____ dynasty, China recovered from Mongol rule
Ming
235
Emperor Yongle relocated the capital of China to _______
Beijing
236
What was reestablished politically during the Ming dynasty?
civil service examination system
237
Why did Emperor Yongle commission such an enormous fleet?
To enroll distant peoples and states in the Chinese tribute system
238
Why did maritime expeditions abruptly end in 1433?
Yongle had died
239
Why did many high-ranking officials see the maritime expeditions as a waste of resources?
China was a "self-sufficient" middle kingdom
240
The Chinese maritime expeditions were a project of the __________
eunuchs
241
State building in Western Europe was mostly driven by ________
needs of war
242
England and France for more than a century in the ___________
Hundred Years' War
243
Where did the Renaissance begin?
Italy
244
The Renaissance celebrated a ______________ that earlier had been lost
classical Greco-Roman tradition
245
The Renaissance reflected belief of wealthy male elite that they were living in a ________
new era removed from feudal Europe
246
________ and secular elements signaled the dawning of a ________ economy with private entrepreneurs
individualism, capitalist
247
Which two expeditions marked the end of the 15th century?
Christopher Columbus & Vasco da Gama
248
What facilitated the European entry into the Indian Ocean?
Chinese withdrawal from the Indian Ocean
249
In the fifteenth century, the Islamic World fragmented in __________
four major states or empires
250
What were the four states that Islamic civilization fractured into?
Ottoman & Safavid Empire
251
Which was the most enduring of the Islamic states?
Ottoman Empire
252
The Ottoman Empire was created by one of many ________ groups
Turkic warrior
253
The Ottoman Empire represented the emergence of _____ as a dominant people of Islamic world
Turks
254
The Safavid Empire was also under _____ leadership
Turkic
255
What did the Safavid Empire decide to impose as the official religion of the state?
Shia
256
All of Persia's neighbors practiced the ______ form of Islam
Sunni
257
The Mughal Empire was the creation of a _______ group
Turkic
258
Songhay was in the ___________
west African savannas
259
Why was Songhay culturally divided?
Islam was growing, but largely limited to elites
260
How did Songhay derive wealth?
It was in the middle of trade routes & taxed that trade
261
Songhay became a major center of ______
Islamic learning
262
Mughal Empire was in ______
India
263
Mughal & Songhay governed largely _______ populations
non-Muslim
264
Mughals established unified control by blending many ______ and _____ groups
Hindu, Muslim
265
Triple Alliance
between Mexica and two other city-states that would eventually form Aztec
266
Great Law of Peace
Iroquois alliance that was used to suppress blood feuds and tribal conflicts
267
Aztecs were situated in __________
Mesoamerica
268
Aztecs had a unified _______
religion
269
Aztecs engaged in both local and long-distance ______
trade
270
The Inca Empire had very complex ________
bureaucracy
271
In some places, the enormous empire encountered ________
bitter resistance
272
mita
labor service demanded by the Incas
273
What did Inca do in return for labor?
Huge feasts
274
For Eurasian trade, India was first famous for ______
cotton
275
What spice did India supply the Mediterranean with?
pepper
276
Who discovered how to crystallize sugar?
Indians
277
How did southern China become more prominent in the beginning of the postclassical era?
Rice!
278
How many Church sacraments are there?
7
279
Canon law
church law
280
Inquisition
Church courts to determine heresy
281
Interdict
Excommunicate an entire region
282
Early Middle Ages are also called ______
Dark Ages
283
During Early Middle Ages, Europe was largely _______
rural
284
High Middle Ages also called _______
Age of Faith
285
What did Fatimid do?
Sacked Church of Holy Sepulchre, shaped Western perception of Muslim cruelty
286
3 G's for Crusading
Gold, Glory, God
287
1st Crusade is also called the _______
Peasant Crusade
288
4 Crusader "coastal" kingdoms
Edessa, Tripoli, Antioch, Jerusalem
289
Muslim conquest of which coastal kingdom sparked the second crusade?
Edessa
290
King's Crusade
3rd Crusade
291
Which king actually made it to the Holy Land?
Richard
292
After the 3rd Crusade, Jerusalem was in ________
Muslim control
293
Trader's Crusade
4th Crusade
294
What do the Venetian merchants do at Constantinople?
Sack it
295
Bubonic Plague was blamed on _____
Jews
296
Abigensions/Cathars
Rich minority in France/Italy, massacred by Church
297
The Crusades' need to raise, transport, and supply large armies led to ....
a flourishing of trade
298
During High Middle Ages, cities were run by ________
merchant guilds
299
Simony
appointing church office for payment
