Chapter 26 - Qing Empire

Question 1

Nurhaci

Answer 1

Local leader of the Manchu nomads who created distinctive Manchu banner armies

Question 2

How many Manchu banner armies were there?

Answer 2

8

Question 3

Nurhaci’s forces continually harassed the Chinese who lived _________

Answer 3

north of the Great Wall

Question 4

During the period of Nurhaci’s rule, the Manchu elite’s adoption of ______________ accelerated

Answer 4

Chinese ways

Question 5

The Manchu bureaucracy

Answer 5

organized along Chinese lines

Question 6

What gave the Manchus an opportunity to seave control in China?

Answer 6

The weakness of the declining Ming regime

Question 7

How did the Manchus enter China?

Answer 7

An official asked the Manchus to help put down a widespread rebellion, but found that they were a greater threat inside the wall

Question 8

the Qing dynasty forced submission from peoples to the _______ and Vietnam and Burma to _____

Answer 8

west; the south

Question 9

How did the Manchu reconcile the ethnic Chinese who made up their subjects?

Answer 9

They retained the political system of their Ming predecessors

Question 10

Chinese officials during the Qing dynasty predominated at the __________ levels

Answer 10

regional and local

Question 11

Manchus made up less than _____ of teh population

Answer 11

2%

Question 12

Kangxi

Answer 12

A Manchu who was a significant Confucian scholar and emperor

Question 13

The political system preservation of the Manchus was matched by ______________

Answer 13

an equally conservative approach to Chinese society as a whole

Question 14

Zhu Xi

Answer 14

his writings, which had been so influential in the preceding dynastic eras, continued to dominate official thinking

Question 15

The lives of women at all social levels remained centered on _______

Answer 15

the household

Question 16

Beyond the family, the world _________

Answer 16

pretty much belonged to men

Question 17

The strongest measures the Manchus took after conquering China were aimed at ___________

Answer 17

alleviating rural distress and unrest

Question 18

Taxes and state labor demands were ________

Answer 18

lowered

Question 19

Why did the Manchu regime have little success in controlling the landlord classes?

Answer 19

Increasing population pressure on cultivable acreage

Question 20

The gap between the _______ grew

Answer 20

rural gentry; ordinary peasants

Question 21

the _________ that had begun in the Song era gained new strength in the long peace China enjoyed during the first part of Manchu rule

Answer 21

commercial and urban expansion

Question 22

compradors

Answer 22

Chinese merchants under the Qing dynasty who specialized in export-import trade

Question 23

By the late ______, the Qing was in decline

Answer 23

1700s

Question 24

By the late 1700s, the ______ had become riddled with cheating

Answer 24

exam system

Question 25

Despite formal restrictions _______ were often ensured a place in the ever-growing bureaucracy

Answer 25

sons of high officials

Question 26

What happened in 1711 in relation to the civil exams?

Answer 26

Students who failed the exams at Yangzhou held a public demonstration in protest of bribes

Question 27

Why was the influx of merchants' and landlords' sons into the bureaucracy troubling?

Answer 27

Few of them ad actually received the classical Confucian education that stressed their responsibilities and their obligation to serve the people

Question 28

The wealthy saw positions in the bureaucracy as a means of __________

Answer 28

influencing local officials and judges

Question 29

The diversion of revenue from _______ to ______ devastated Chinese society

Answer 29

state projects; the enrichment of individual families

Question 30

Why was the most vital of the public works projects the great dikes that confined the Yellow River in northern China?

Answer 30

The dikes were raised above the densely populated farmlands with the constant repair. However, without this, the rampaging waters of the great river destroyed much farmland.

Question 31

Shandong peninsula

Answer 31

The river flood hundreds of square miles of heavily cultivated farmland. Many peasants died

Question 32

_______ and _______ prompted mass migrations

Answer 32

food shortages; landlord demands

Question 33

________ became a major problem in many districts

Answer 33

banditry

Question 34

What was the assumption then widely held by Chinese thinkers?

Answer 34

that the dynastic cycle would run its course and the Manchus would simply be replaced by a vigorous dynasty

Question 35

The Manchu rulers and their Chinese administrators treated the Europeans much like ____________

Answer 35

the nomads and other peoples they saw as barbarians

Question 36

In trade for silks, fine porcelains, and tea, the British had to trade _________

Answer 36

silver bullion

Question 37

Unhappy about the unequal trade of silver bullion, what did British merchants do?

Answer 37

sell opium

Question 38

Where was opium grown? Why was this opium, used by British merchants, better?

Answer 38

eastern India; it was more potent

Question 39

The Chinese realized that opium traffic was ___________

Answer 39

a major threat to their economy and social order

Question 40

Wealthy Chinese who could afford it squandered China's wealth to ___________

Answer 40

support their opium habits

Question 41

Lin Zexu

Answer 41

a distinguished official sent to stamp out the opium trade in the late 1830's

Question 42

The British ordered the Chinese to _________ or risk ________

Answer 42

stop anti-opium campaign; military intervention

Question 43

War broke out in ______

Answer 43

1839

Question 44

The Chinese were routed first in the Opium Wars on the _____

Answer 44

sea

Question 45

The Chinese were secondly defeated in their attempts to __________

Answer 45

repel an extraordinary force the British sent ashore

Question 46

With British warships threatening, the Qing emperor was forced to ________

Answer 46

sue for peace and send Lin into exile

Question 47

__________ allowed the European powers to force China to open trade

Answer 47

Victories in the Opium War and a second conflict

Question 48

_________ was established as an additional center of British commerce

Answer 48

Hong Kong

Question 49

After China's defeat, ________ poured unchecked into China

Answer 49

opium

Question 50

By the mid 1800s, China's foreing trade and customs were overseen by _________

Answer 50

British officials

Question 51

Defeat and the dislocations in south China brought on by the growing commercial encroachments of the west spawned ________

Answer 51

several rebellions

Question 52

Taiping Rebellion was led by _______

Answer 52

Hong Xiuquan

Question 53

Taiping fighters _____________ against the Qing forces

Answer 53

won a series of stunning victories

Question 54

How did the Taiping Rebellion disintegrate?

Answer 54

With Nanjing established as a capital, the rebel leaders began to fight amongst themselves

Question 55

Of all the rebellions that threatened to topple the Qing dynasty, the Taiping movement posed the most serious alternative to _________ as a whole

Answer 55

Confucian civilization

Question 56

The Taipings offered _______, ________, and _________

Answer 56

social reform, land redistribution, liberation of women

Question 57

Zeng Guofan

Answer 57

a Qing official who raised effective military forces against the Taiping

Question 58

self-strengthening movement

Answer 58

Late 1800s movement led by provincial leaders to counter challenge from the West

Question 59

the provincial leaders encouraged investment in __________

Answer 59

railways, factories

Question 60

Despite their desperate situation, the Manchu rulers ___________

Answer 60

resisted any reforms

Question 61

Manchu rulers occasionally supported officials who pushed for sociopolitical reform were then met with _________

Answer 61

backlash of members of the imperial household

Question 62

Cixi

Answer 62

ultraconservative dowager empress who secretly supported the Boxer rebellion

Question 63

Boxer rebellion

Answer 63

Broke out in 1898 in order to drive out the Western powers; failed

Question 64

By the ______s, the days of the Manchus were numbered

Answer 64

1900

Question 65

Resistance tot he Qing came to be centered in rival secret societies such as the _____ and the ________

Answer 65

Triads, Society of Elders and Brothers

Question 66

Why did all the efforts destroy the dynasty fail?

Answer 66

lack of coordination and sufficient resources

Question 67

What did those who wanted to get rid of the Manchus envision?

Answer 67

power passing to Western-educated, reformist leaders

Question 68

Sun Yatsen

Answer 68

Head of Revolutionary Alliance who was briefly elected president

Question 69

Although they drew heavily on the West for ideas and organizational models, the revolutionaries were _____________

Answer 69

hostile to the involvement of the imperialist powers

Question 70

The young rebels cut their ______ in defiance of the Manchu order

Answer 70

queues (braided ponytails)

Question 71

Puyi

Answer 71

the last emperor of China who was deposed while still a small boy

Question 72

In 1905, the last ___________

Answer 72

civil service exams were given