Chapter 25 Flashcards
Somatic Mutation
Results in the mutation occuring in the daughter cells of the original mutated cells
Transcription Factors
Bind to a specific site, the promoter region of a DNA molecule
tRNA
3 properties
Carries amino acids to the ribosome
Contains an anticodon that matched the codon on the mRNA
There are 61 different tRNAs
ANTISENSE STRAND OF DNA
The strand of DNA that is not used as the template for production of mRNA.
The antisense strand actually is actually very similar to the mRNA. The only difference is that the mRNA has U in place of T.
GCTAAGCTAC -sense
CGATTCGATG -antisense
CGAUUCGAUG -mRNA
Chromosomes
Long strands of DNA wrapped around histone proteins found in the nucleus
Codon
a specific sequence of three consecutive nucleotides that is part of the genetic code and that specifies a particular amino acid in a protein or starts or stops protein synthesis —called also triplet
Complementary Base Pairing
One base only pairs up with one other base.
GC
AT
Cytosine
a pyrimidine base that pairs with thymine
found in both DNA and RNA
Deoxyribose
The 5-carbon sugar unit for DNA
DNA Ligase
Enzyme that ties DNA molecules together during DNA replication.
DNA Polymerase
promotes replication or repair of DNA using single-stranded DNA as a template
Exons
Pieces of DNA and RNA that code for a protein.
The pieces of mRNA that are spliced together after the introns have been removed.
Frameshift Mutation
A genetic mutation caused by addition or deletion of a nucleotide to a DNA strand.
Results in a whole chain of missense.
Genetic Code
Codons in RNA that determine the specific amino acid sequence in protein.
There are 64 codons in the genetic code.
rRNA
rRNA makes up part of the ribosome assisting in translation.
Semiconservative
The normal process of DNA synthesis, in which the two original strands of the molecule separate, and each acts as a template on which a new complementary strand is laid down.
Sense Codon
A set of three nucleotides in a protein coding sequence that specifies individual amino acids.
The genetic codes contains 61sense codons
Sense Strand of DNA
The strand of the DNA which is used during transcription to make mRNA.
GCTAAGCTAC -sense
CGATTCGATG -antisense
CGAUUCGAUG -mRNA
Silent Mutation
A form of point mutation resulting in a codon that codes for the same or a different amino acid but without any functional change in the protein product.
Mutation
A mutation is a permanent change in the DNA sequence of a gene.
DNA
Stands for deoxyribonucleic acid
Nucleic acid found in cells; the genetic material that specifies protein synthesis in cells.
The major component of chromosomes.
Double helix
Double spiral; describes the three dimensional shape of DNA
Nucleotide
Monomer of DNA and RNA consisting of a 5-carbon sugar bonded to a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group.
Pg. 39
RNA
(3 characteristics)
Stands for Ribonucleic acid.
Occurs in three forms: messenger RNA, ribosomal RNA, and transfer RNA.
Involved in production of protein.
mRNA
Stands for messenger RNA.
Has a sequence of codons, which specifies the sequence of amino acids during protein synthesis.
tRNA
Stands for transfer RNA.
A Type of RNA that transfers a particular amino acid to a ribosome during protein synthesis; at one end, it binds to the amion acid, and at the other end, it has an anticodon that binds to an mRNA codon.
Guanine
(3 characteristics)
(G)
One of four nitrogenous bases in nucleotides composing the structure of DNA and RNA.
Forms three hydrogen bonds with cysteine.
Classified as a purine base.
Thymine
(T)
One of four nitrogenous bases in nucleotides composing the structure of DNA, but not RNA.
Forms two hydrogen bonds with adenine.
Classified as a pyrimidine base.
Uracil
(U)
The nitrogenous base found only in RNA.
Purines
(Pu)
A nitrogenous base with a double-ring sturcture.
Adenine and Guanine are the only bases with this type of sturcture.
