Chapter 7 Flashcards
Which molecule transports carbon atoms in acetyl groups to the Krebs Cycle?
Acetyl CoA
Name this clear, flammable liquid used for energy storage. It is also commonly consumed by Frat Guys.
Alcohol
This enzyme joins ADP and a Phosphate-group together in the Mitochondria… producing ATP (hint, hint).
ATP Synthase
This is the process by which fatty acids, namely acyl-CoA, are broken down into Acetyl CoA. The new product, Acetyl CoA, is the starting point of the Krebs Cycle.
Beta-Oxidation
In chloroplasts, it is the process by which NADP+ is transformed into NADPH; in mitochondria, it results in NADH becoming NAD+. The process allows energy to be extracted from the sun in Photosynthesis and from glucose in Respiration.
Electron-Transport Chain
Secondary molecule in Respiratory Electron Transport Chain. Each one produces 2 ATP.
FADH2
Source ATP Total
1 FADH2 x 1.5 ATP = 2 ATP
1 NADH x 2.5 ATP = 3 ATP
1 acetyl CoA x 10 ATP = 12 ATP
TOTAL = 14 ATP
These are made up of long chains of hydrocarbons. They are used for energy storage and come in saturated and unsaturated forms. Name these molecules which you can find in olive oil, butter, and ratseed oil.
Fatty Acids
This is the process which occurs in a person’s muscles which are not receiving enough oxygen to perform respiration (i.e. anaerobic). It is most known for its use in the production of wine and beer. Think yeast.
Fermentation
This is the common fatty-acid compound which the body stores as energy; it is broken down by glycolysis. The liver aids in breaking down this molecule by converting it into a form of glucose.
Glycerol
This is the process which breaks down Glucose into Pyruvate and ATP. The equation is shown below:
glucose + 2 NAD+ + 2 ADP + 2 Pi → 2 pyruvate + 2 NADH + 2 H+ + 2 ATP + 2 H2O
Glycolysis
This is a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to generate energy through the oxidization of acetate derived from carbohydrates, fats and proteins into carbon dioxide. The entire cycle occurs in the mitochondria.
Krebs Cycle
This product formed by the reduction of Pyruvate lends its name to a type of fermentation. The chemical is commonly known for the burning sensation in muscles which it causes during heavy exercise.
Lactic Acid
This cell organelle is the ‘power-house.’ In it occurs respiration and the accompanying production of energy. BTDubbs, it has Christae.
Mitochondria
The ‘powered-up’ version of NAD+, this coenzyme is a key component to aerobic respiration.
NADH
This compound is an important intermediate in the Krebs cycle where it is formed by the oxidation of malic acid; it then reacts with Acetyl-CoA to form citrate.
Oxaloacetic Acid
This is the metabolic pathway that uses energy released by the oxidation of nutrients to produce ATP. In it, electrons are transferred to oxygen, and phosphorus groups are added to ADP.
Oxidative Phosphorylation
These are used to generate a chemiosmotic potential that is also known as a proton motive force. This potential energy is used for the synthesis of ATP by oxidative phosphorylation. It is similar to osmosis, but with ions of hydrogen.
Proton Gradients
These are used in Oxidative Phosphorylation to cycle Hydrogen ions to ‘powered-down’ coenzymes like NAD+ and FAD. These molcules are then powered-up into NADH and FADH2.
Proton Pumps
This compound supplies energy to living cells through the Krebs cycle when oxygen is present, and alternatively, ferments to produce lactic acid when oxygen is lacking. It also can be made from glucose through glycolysis, converted back to carbohydrates (such as glucose) via gluconeogenesis, or to fatty acids through acetyl-CoA.
Pyruvic Acid
This mode of energy production results in the production of ATP by the direct addition of a phosphate group to ADP.
substrate-level
