Chapter 25: Respiratory System Flashcards
1
Q
What is the function of the Respiratory System?
A
- Gas exchange
- Gas conditioning
- Sound Production
2
Q
Which function of the respiratory system supplies the body with oxygen and rids it of carbon dioxide?
A
Gas exchange
3
Q
External respiration is gas exchange between the __________ and the ________.
A
atmosphere; blood
4
Q
External respiration is accomplished by way of the (respiratory/cardiovascular) system
A
respiratory
5
Q
Internal respiration is gas exchange between the __________ and _____ ______.
A
blood; body cells
6
Q
Internal respiration is accomplished by way of the (respiratory/cardiovascular) system
A
cardiovascular
7
Q
Which function of the respiratory system is air warmed, moistened, and cleansed while traveling to the lungs
A
Gas Conditioning
8
Q
In the respiratory system, Gas conditioning is accomplished by __________ & __________.
A
nasal passages; sinuses
9
Q
Which function of the respiratory system does air vibrate the vocal cords of the larynx as it is expelled from the lungs
A
Sound production
10
Q
Anatomically, the respiratory system can be divided into ______ and ______ respiratory tracts.
A
upper; lower
11
Q
Functionally, the respiratory system can be divided into ________ and _______ portions
A
conducting; respiratory
12
Q
What is the upper respiratory tract comprised of:
A
- nose and nasal cavities
- paranasal sinuses
- pharynx
13
Q
The nasal cavity begins at the internal component of the nose and ends as opening to the nasopharynx known as ______
A
choanae
14
Q
The ______ ______ divides the nasal cavity into right and left portions and forms the medial wall of each cavity
A
nasal septum
15
Q
What structures form the lateral wall for each nasal cavity?
A
Superior, middle, and inferior nasal conchae
16
Q
What is the function of the conchae in the nasal cavity?
A
to warm, humidify, and cleanse the air within the nasal cavity
17
Q
There are four bones of the skull that contain air spaces, referred to as:
A
paranasal sinuses
18
Q
Why do the paranasal sinuses have spaces in them?
A
to make the bones lighter in weight
19
Q
Name the paranasal sinuses
A
- Frontal
- Ethmoidal
- Sphenoidal
- Maxillary
20
Q
This area of the body is shared by the digestive and respiratory system
A
Pharynx
21
Q
What are the three regions the pharynx is split into:
A
- Nasopharynx
- Oropharynx
- Laryngopharynx
22
Q
Which region of the pharynx is continuous with the nasal cavity and superior to the soft palate
A
Nasopharynx
23
Q
Which region of the pharynx will you find the opening of the auditory tubes on the lateral walls
A
Nasopharynx
24
Q
Which posterior region of the pharynx will you see the pharyngeal tonsil?
A
Nasopharynx
25
Which region of the pharynx has *_pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium_*
Nasopharynx
26
Which region of the pharynx begins at the end of the soft palate and ends at the level of the hyoid bone?
Oropharynx
27
Which region of the pharynx will you find the palatine tonsils
Oropharynx
28
Which region of the pharynx will you find the lingual tonsils?
Oropharynx
29
Which region of the pharynx has *_nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium_*
Oropharynx
30
Which region of the pharynx starts inferior to hyoid bone and is continuous with larynx and terminates at superior border of the esophagus
Laryngopharynx
31
Which region of the pharynx is lined with *_nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium_*
Laryngopharynx
32
The lower respiratory tract can be split into two portions which are:
conducting and respiratory portions
33
What is the conducting portion of the lower respiratory tract is comprised of:
1. Larynx
2. Trachea
3. Bronchi
4. Bronchioles
34
What is the respiratory portion of the lower respiratory tract is comprised of:
1. respiratory bronchioles
2. alveolar ducts
3. alveoli
35
what connects the pharynx to the trachea
larynx
36
referred to as the "voice box"
larynx
37
Structure of the lower respiratory tract that is supported by a framework of cartilages, ligaments, and muscles
larynx
38
What are the three major cartilages of the larynx?
1. Thryoid cartilage
2. Cricoid cartilage
3. Epiglottis
39
Name the largest cartilage in the layrnx
Thyroid cartilage
40
Which major cartilage of the larynx has an anterior wall and lateral wall
Thyroid cartilage
41
Which major cartilage of the larynx has no posterior wall
thyroid cartilage
42
Which major cartilage of the larynx has a V-shaped anterior projection called the laryngeal prominence
thyroid cartilage
43
The thyroid cartilage has a V-shaped anterior projection called the _______ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
laryngeal prominence
44
Which major cartilage of the larynx is usually larger in males compared to females due to testosterone influence on growth of cartilage
Thyroid cartilage
45
Which major cartilage of the larynx is just inferior to the thyroid cartilage
cricoid cartilage
46
Which major cartilage of the larynx is a complete ring- shaped cartiliage
cricoid cartilage
47
Which major cartilage of the larynx is a spoon-shaped cartilage that projects superiorly into the pharynx
epiglottis
48
Which major cartilage of the larynx closes the opening to the larynx when you swallow, preventing materials from entering the lower respiratory tract
epiglottis
49
Name the three minor cartilages of the larynx
* cuneiform cartilages
* corniculate cartilages
* arytenoid cartilages
50
What major role do the minor cartilages play in the larynx
they are part of sound production
51
\_\_\_\_\_\_ _____ are found in the larynx and are comprised of ______ \_\_\_\_ covered by a mucous membrane
Vocal folds; vocal ligaments
52
The opening between the vocal folds is the:
rima glottidis
53
The vocal cords plus the rima glottidis are collectively known as the:
glottis
54
When air is forced through the rima glottidis, it causes _________ of the vocal cords, which results in the production of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
vibration; sound
55
In the lower respiratory tract, this structure is inferior to the larynx, superior to the primary bronchi, and anterior to the esophagus
trachea
56
In the lower respiratory tract, this structure is supported by C-shaped tracheal cartilages
Trachea
57
The trachea is supported by C-shaped _______ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
tracheal cartilages
58
In the trachea, posteriorly, the ends of the "C-shaped" tracheal cartilages are connected by the _______ \_\_\_\_\_\_.
trachealis muscle
59
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ _____ is a highly branched system of air conducting passages that begin with the primary bronchi and end with the terminal bronchi
bronchial tree
60
The bronchial tree is part of the (_conducting/respiratory_) portion of the respiratory system
conducting
61
The trachea branches into left and right _______ \_\_\_\_\_\_
Primary bronchi
62
How many secondary bronchi are on the right primary bronchus?
Three
63
How many secondary bronchi are on the left primary bronchus
two
64
The secondary bronchi divide into __ to __ tertiary bronchi
8; 10
65
In a bronchiole tree, as branching continues what is observed as the bronchioles become smaller?
(3 observations)
* Incomplete rings of cartilage become smaller and less numerous
* bronchi are lined with pseudostratified columnar epithelium
* bronchioles lack cartilage rings and are lined with simple columnar or simple squamous epithelium.
66
What is the diameter of bronchioles?
\< 1 mm in diameter
67
What are bronchioles walls composed of?
A thick layer of smooth muscle
68
Contraction of the smooth muscle results in a narrowing of the bronchioles called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
bronchoconstriction
69
Relaxation of the smooth muscle results in a widening of the bronchioles called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
bronchodilation
70
Bronchioles branch into ________ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_, which are the last portions of the conduction portion of the respiratory system
terminal bronchioles
71
What does the respiratory portion of the lower respiratory system consist of?
* respiratory bronchioles
* alveolar ducts
* alveoli
72
Terminal bronchioles branch into _________ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
respiratory bronchioles
73
Respiratory bronchioles branch into ______ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
alveolar ducts
74
Alveolar ducts end with small saccular outpocketings called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
alveoli
75
Where part of the respiratory portion are respiratory gases diffused between the blood and the air in the lungs
the thin wall of the alveolus
76
The alveolar wall is formed from two types of cells:
1. Alveolar Type I cells
2. Alveolar Type II cells
77
What type of alveolar cell consists of simple squamous epithelial cells to promote rapid diffusion of gases?
Alveolar type I cells
78
What type of alveolar cell consists of cells almost cuboidal in shape and produce pulmonary surfactant, which decreases surface tension within the alveolus and prevents the collapse of alveoli
Alveolar type II cells
79
What does ***_pulmonary surfactant_* **** in alveolar type II cells do?
decreases surface tension within the alveolus and prevents the collapse of alveoli.
80
What does the respiratory membrane consist of?
* Plasma membrane of the type I alveolar cell
* fused basement membrane of both cells
* Plasma membrane of the capillary cell
81
The ___________ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is the diffusion barier across which respiratory gases are exchanged between the blood and the air in alveoli
respiratory membrane
82
The _______ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ engulfs any microorganism or particulate matter that makes its was into the alveolus.
alveolar macrophage
83
Also known as the *dust cell*
alveolar macrophage
84
The ______ are located in the pleural cavities on the lateral sides of the thorax and separated by the mediastinum
lungs
85
The pleural cavities and the outer surface of the lung are lined with a serous membrane called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
pleura
86
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ __________ tightly adheres to the outside of the lung
visceral pleura
87
\_\_\_\_\_\_ ______ lines the pleural cavity itself
parietal pleura
88
visceral and parietal pleura are (_continuous/discontinuous_) with each other and the space between them is called _____ \_\_\_\_\_\_.
continuous; pleural cavity
89
This organ is conical in shape, has a base inferiorly that rests on the diaphragm and an apex that is its most superior portion.
Lungs
90
In the lungs, the apex projects just slightly (_superior/inferior_) and (_anterior/posterior_) to the clavicle.
superior; posterior
91
Concerning the lungs, the _______ surface comes in contact with the ribs and the slightly concave ________ surface faces medially toward the mediastinum
coastal; mediastinal
92
Concerning the lungs, the mediastinal surface houses a concave region called the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
hilum
93
What passes through the hilum of the lung?
* Bronchi
* Pulmonary vessels
* Lymphatic vessels
* Nerves
94
What is the **_root_** of the lung?
all structures within the hilum
95
The (_right/left)_ lung is slightly smaller than the (_right/left)_ lung because the heart projects slightly to the (_right/left)_ of midline
left; right; left
96
The heart makes a medial surface indentation on the left lung called the _______ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
cardiac impression
97
The left lung has an anterior indented region called the ______ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
cardiac notch
98
The left lung has an ______ \_\_\_\_\_\_ that divides the lung into two lobes.
oblique fissure
99
In the left lung, the _______ is homologous to the middle lobe of the right lung.
lingula
100
The right lung has two fissures, _______ and _______ fissures that divide the lung into ______ lobes.
oblique; horizontal; three
101
How many *_bronchopulmonary segments_* are there in the **right lung**?
10
102
How many *_bronchopulmonary segments_* are there in the **left lung.**
8-10
103
Each bronchopulmonary segment is supplied by its own _______ \_\_\_\_\_\_ and a branch of a pulmonary artery and vein.
tertiary bronchus
104
Each bronchopulmonary segment is surrounded by and isolated from other segments by ______ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
connective tissue
105
# Define pulmonary circulation.
conducts blood to and from the gas exchange surfaces of the lungs
106
Define bronchial circulation
systemic circulation; delivers blood directly to and from the bronchi and bronchioles
