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ANATOMY LECTURE > Chapter 26: Digestive System > Flashcards

Chapter 26: Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

What do the organs in the digestive system do

A
  • ingest the food
  • transport ingested material
  • digest the material into smaller usable components
  • absorb the nutrients into the blood stream
  • expel waste products from the body
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2
Q

What are the two categories of organs in the digestive system?

A
  1. Digestive organs
  2. Accessory digestive organs
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3
Q

The digestive organs is collectively made up of the _____________ _______.

A

gastrointestinal tract

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4
Q

What organs make up the gastrointestinal (GI) tract

A
  1. Oral cavity
  2. pharynx
  3. esophagus
  4. stomach
  5. small intestine
  6. large intestine
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5
Q

What organs make up the accessory digestive tract

A
  1. Teeth
  2. Tongue
  3. Salivary glands
  4. Liver
  5. Gall bladder
  6. Pancreas
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6
Q

What are the functions of the Digestive system

A
  1. ingestion
  2. digestion
  3. propulsion
  4. secretion
  5. absorption
  6. elimination
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7
Q

Which function of the digestive system moves food through the digestive system

A

Propulsion

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8
Q

In the digestive function propulsion, swallowing is (voluntary/involuntary); all subsequent propulsion occurs (voluntarily/involuntarily)

A

voluntary; involuntarily

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9
Q

Which function of the digestive system produces mucus, acid, bile, and enzymes that are added to the lumen of the digestive tract

A

Secretion

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10
Q

Which function of the digestive system facilitates digestion or propulsion

A

Secretion

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11
Q

Which function of the digestive system allows for the passage of the broken-down nutrients into the bloodstream, so they can be delivered to all of the body’s cells.

A

Absorption

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12
Q

Which function of the digestive system deals with the components of food that cannot be digested or absorbed and as a result are expelled from the body by way of defecation.

A

Elimination

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13
Q

The two types of movement from propulsion of food along the GI tube are:

A
  1. Peristalsis
  2. Segmentation
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14
Q

The ripple-like wave of muscular contraction that forces material to move further along the GI tract is known as _______

A

Peristalsis

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15
Q

The churning and mixing of material helping to disperse the material and mix it and combine it with digestive organ secretions is known as __________

A

Segmentation

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16
Q

List the structural features of the oral cavity:

A
  • cheeks, lips, and palate
  • tongue
  • salivary glands
  • teeth
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17
Q

Which structural feature(s) of the oral cavity form its lateral wall and are comprised mainly of the buccinator muscles.

A

cheeks

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18
Q

Which structural feature(s) of the oral cavity end anteriorly as the lips

A

cheeks

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19
Q

Which structural feature(s) of the oral cavity have gingivae covering its alveolar processes

A

teeth

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20
Q

The internal surface of the upper and lower lips are attached to the gingivae by a thin, midline mucosa fold called the ______ _______.

A

labial frenulum

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21
Q

Which structural feature(s) of the oral cavity form the roof of the oral cavity

A

palate

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22
Q

In the oral cavity, the anterior 2/3 of the palate is called the ______ ______ because it is comprised of _______

A

hard palate; bone

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23
Q

In the oral cavity, the posterior 1/3 of the palate is called the _____ _____, because it is soft and muscular.

A

soft palate

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24
Q

In the oral cavity, extending from the soft palate posteriorly is the _____.

A

uvula

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25
What is the function of the uvula?
it elevates during swallowing and closes off the posterior entrance to the nasopharynx.
26
The ________ represent the opening from the oral cavity to the oropharynx
fauces
27
The _______ \_\_\_\_\_\_ are housed laterally to the fauces
palatine tonsils
28
Which structural feature(s) of the oral cavity manipulates and mixes ingested materials during chewing
tongue
29
Which structural feature(s) of the oral cavity helps compress the partially digested materials into a bolus
tongue
30
What is a bolus?
a globular mass of ingested materials that can be easily swallowed
31
The inferior surface of the tongue attaches to the floor of the oral cavity by a thin, midline mucous membrane called the:
lingual frenulum
32
What is the entrance to the GI tract
oral cavity
33
Which digestive organ is the only one that functions in indigestion
oral cavity
34
The oral cavity also begins the process of __________ digestion, _________ digestion, and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
chemical; mechanical; propulsion
35
List the boundaries of the oral cavity:
* Anterior boundary * Posterior boundary * Lateral boundaries * Superior boundary * Inferior boundary
36
What makes up the *_anterior boundary_* of the oral cavity?
Lips (obicularis oris muscle)
37
What makes up the *_posterior boundary_* of the oral cavity
oropharynx
38
What makes up the *_lateral boundaries_* of the oral cavity
cheeks (buccinator muscles)
39
What makes up the ​superior boundary of the oral cavity?
hard and soft palate
40
What makes up the *_inferior boundary_* of the oral cavity?
tongue (rests on mylohyoid muscle)
41
What secrets saliva into the oral cavity by the way of ducts?
salivary glands
42
Describe the functions of saliva (steps of saliva)
* begins chemical digestion of starts using the enzyme amylase * moistens food to be easily swallowed * mouth is cleaned by lysozyme (an antibacterial agent) * saliva dissolves food chemicals so they can be tasted
43
How many pairs of salivary glands are there?
Three
44
What are the three pairs of salivary glands?
1. Parotid salivary glands 2. Submandibular salivary glands 3. Sublingual salivary glands
45
List the % of saliva secreted by each salivary gland: 1. Parotid 2. Submandibular 13. Sublingual
1. Parotid = 30% 2. Submanidubular = 65% 3. Sublingual = 5%
46
Which salivary gland is located just anterior and inferior to the ears
Parotid salivary gland
47
Which salivary gland is the largest?
Parotid
48
In ______ salivary glands, ______ \_\_\_\_\_\_ opens above upper second upper molar
parotid; parotid duct
49
Which salivary gland is located just inferior to the body of the mandible
submandibular salivary gland
50
In _______ salivary glands, the _______ \_\_\_\_\_ opens lateral to the lingual frenum
submandibular; submandibular duct
51
Which salivary gland is located inferior to the tongue?
sublingual salivary gland
52
Multiple ________ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ open posterior to submandibular duct
submandibular ducts
53
The ______ aids in both mechanical and chemical digestion
tongue
54
What structure grips food and repositions it between the teeth and palate during mastications
tongue
55
what structure mixes food with saliva
tongue
56
a moistened ball of chewed food is referred to as:
a bolus
57
The tongue contains many \_\_\_\_\_\_, projections that aid in gripping the food and that also contain taste buds
papillae
58
The tongue initiates the process of ______ by pushing the bolus of food back toward the pharynx during ________ (swallowing)
propulsion; deglutition
59
The common passageway for both food and air
phayrnx
60
The pharynx functions in _______ from the oral cavity to the esophagus
propulsion
61
In the pharynx, only the ______ and _____ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ are involved with the digestive system
oropharynx ; inferior laryngopharynx
62
The ____ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is sealed off by way of the uvula during deglutition
superior nasopharynx
63
What are the three phases of swallowing?
1. Voluntary 2. Pharyngeal 3. Esophageal
64
The walls of the GI tract organs consist of four tissue layers:
1. Mucosa 2. Submucosa 3. Muscularis 4. Serosa (or adventitia)
65
Which wall of the GI tract is the innermost layer, surrounding the lumen
Mucosa
66
Which wall of the GI tract is generally comprised of simple columnar epithelium with interspersed goblet cells
mucosa
67
What are the three components of Mucosa?
1. Epithelium 2. Lamina propria (areolar CT + capillaries) 3. Muscularis mucosa ( thin layer of smooth muscle)
68
Which wall of the GI tract is external to the mucosa
submucosa
69
Which wall of the GI tract is comprised of areolar or dense irregular CT
Submucosa
70
Which wall of the GI tract has many large vessels & lymph vessels
submucosa
71
Which wall of the GI tract has a submucosal nerve plexus?
submucosa
72
Which wall of the GI tract consists of two layers of smooth muscle that move substance through the GI tract
Muscularis
73
Which wall of the GI tract has an inner circular layer and an outer longitudinal layer that alternately contract and relax to produce peristalsis
Muscularis
74
The muscularis has an (_inner/outer)_ circular layer and an (_inner/outer)_​ longitudinal layer
inner; outer
75
Which wall of the GI tract has a myenteric nerve plexus located between its two layers of smooth muscle
muscularis
76
In the muscularis, what is located in between the two layers of smooth muscle?
myenteric nerve plexus
77
Which wall of the GI tract is the outermost layer
Serosa or aventitia
78
Which wall of the GI tract is composed of areolar CT, with collagen and elastin fibers
adventitia
79
Which wall of the GI tract is covered with visceral peritoneum
Serosa
80
Intraperitoneal organs have ______ as their outer layer
Serosa
81
Retroperitoneal organs have _______ as their outer layer because they are only partially covered with parietal peritoneum
adventitia
82
when is tissue called "serosa"?
if covered with visceral peritoneum
83
When is tissue called "adventitia"
when composed of areolar CT, with collagen and elastin fibers
84
**Blood Vessels:** What branches supply the abdominal GI tract
* Celiac trunk * Superior and inferior mesenteric arteries
85
Smaller branches extend throughout the walls of the GI tract organs within the tunics, and the mucosa contains ___________ \_\_\_ __ \_\_\_\_\_ _________ \_\_\_\_ to protome \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
capillaries that have fenestrated endothelial cells; absorption
86
The veins from the mucosa merge to eventually form the:
hepatic portal system
87
Lymphatic capillaries arise in the mucosa and lacteals within _______ \_\_\_\_\_, pass through the numerous _______ \_\_\_, and deliver ____ to the ________ \_\_\_\_\_ and then to the ______ \_\_\_\_\_.
intestinal villi; lymph nodes; lymph, cisterna chyli ; thoracic duct
88
This structure is a long tube that runs behind the trachea and connects the laryngopharynx superiorly to the stomach inferiorly
esophagus
89
the esophagus functions solely in \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
propulsion
90
**True or False:** Digestion and absorption occur in the esophagus
false
91
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ carries food to the stomach
peristalsis
92
What type of epithelial cells does the mucosa of the esophagus consist of
non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
93
What is the function of the mucosa non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium in the esophagus
Protection
94
At the connection of the esophagus to the stomach, a thickened band of circular smooth muscle forms the:
esophageal sphinter
95
What does the esophageal sphincter do?
regulates the passage of the bolus into the stomach and keep stomach acids out of the esophagus
96
In the esophagus, the superior region of the muscularis is composed of:
skeletal muscle
97
In the esophagus, the middle region is composed of:
a mixture of skeletal and smooth muscle
98
In the esophagus, the inferior region of the esophagus is composed of:
more standard smooth muscle
99
What does the muscularis of the esophagus deviate from a standard pattern of smooth muscle
because skeletal muscle contracts more rapidly and can then assure rapid movement of food out of the pharynx before the next respiratory cycle
100
This organ is temporary storage in which the bolus of food is chemically and mechanically digested
Stomach
101
The mucosa of the stomach consists of ______ \_\_\_\_\_
gastric folds
102
what is the function of gastric folds?
to allow the stomach to expand as it fills
103
The stomach has three muscularis layers:
inner oblique layer middle oblique layer outer longitudinal layer
104
What is the function of the three muscularis layers of the stomach
to churn food to mechanically digest it
105
When food leaves the stomach and goes to its liquid form, it is then referred to as:
chyme
106
Stopped at slide 34

ANATOMY LECTURE (9 decks)

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