Chapter 28: The Reproductive System Flashcards
(131 cards)
1
Q
Gonads
A
Testes in males.
Produce and secrete sex hormones.
2
Q
Ducts
A
Various ducts stores and transport gametes.
3
Q
Accessory Sex Glands
A
Produce substances that protect gametes and facilitate movement.
4
Q
Supporting Structures
A
Penis in males
Uterus in females
Assist in the delivery of gametes.
The uterus is also the site for growth of the embryo and fetus during delivery.
5
Q
Male Reproductive System Organs
A
Include:
Testes: a system of ducts (epididymis, ductus deferens, ejaculatory ducts and urethra) produce sperm and secrete hormones. The duct systems transports and stories sperm, assist in their maturation and conveys them to the exterior.
Accessory sex glands: seminal vesicles, prostate and bulbourethral glands.
Several supporting structures: scrotum, penis
6
Q
Scrotum
A
The supporting structure of the testes.
Consists of loose skin and underlying SC layer that hangs from the root of the penis.
The location of the scrotum and its contraction of its muscle fibers regulate the temperature of the testes.
7
Q
Raphe
A
Median ridge that separates the scrotum porch into lateral portions.
8
Q
Scrotal Septum
A
Internally this divides the scrotum into two compartments, each containing a single testis.
9
Q
Dartos Muscle
A
Makes up the septum
Is made of SC layer and muscles tissue composed of smooth muscle fibers.
In response to cold temps this muscle will contract. This contraction causes the muscle to move closer to the body so it can absorb body heat.
This contraction causes the scrotum to become tight which reduces heat loss.
10
Q
Cremaster Muscle
A
Associated with each testis in the scrotum.
Is a series of small bands of skeletal muscles that descends as an extension of the internal oblique muscle through the spermatic cord to surround the testes.
11
Q
Normal Sperm Production
A
Requires a temp of 2-3 degrees below core body temp.
This lowered body temp is maintained within the scrotum because it is outside the pelvic cavity.
12
Q
Testes
A
Or testicles, are paired oval glands in the scrotum measuring about 5 cm long and 2.5 cm in diameter.
Produce gametes and excrete sex hormones.
They develop near the kidneys in the posterior portion of the abdomen and begin their descend into the scrotum through the inguinal canals.
13
Q
Tunica Vaginalis
A
Serous membrane
Is derived from the peritoneum and forms during the descent of the testes, partially covers the testes.
14
Q
Hydrocele
A
A collection of serous fluid in the tunica vaginalis.
May be caused by injury to the testes or inflammation of the epididymis.
Usually no treatment is required.
15
Q
Tunica Albuginea
A
White fibrous capsule composed of dense irregular CT that surrounds the testis.
Found internal to the tunica vaginalis.
16
Q
Lobules
A
A series of internal compartments formed by the septa when the tunica albuginea extends inward.
17
Q
Seminiferous Tubules
A
Tightly coiled tubules where sperm is produced.
Each of the 200-300 lobules contains one to three of these tubules.
Contains 2 types of cells:
1. Spermatogenic cells: sperm forming cells
2. Sustentacular cells: have several functions in supporting spermatogenesis.
18
Q
Spermatogenesis
A
The process by which the seminiferous tubules of the testes produce sperm.
Takes 65-75 days
Process:
1. Spermatogonium (2n) stem cell- develop from primordial germ cells from yolk sac, enter the testes during the 5th week of develop. Undergo mitosis =
2. Primary spermatocyte (2n) 46 chromosomes
3. Secondary speratocyte (n) 23 chromosomes
Final Stage: Spermiogenesis:
4. Spermatid (n) 4 haploid cells (tetrad) from miosis II,
Creates:
5. Sperm cell or spermatozoon (n)-once form is released into the lumen of the seminiferous tubules.
19
Q
Blood Testis Barrier
A
Tight junctions that are internal to the basement membrane and spermatogenia.
These tight junctions form the obstruction because substances must first pass through the Sustentacular cells before they reach the developing sperm.
Join neighboring Sustentacular cells to one another.
20
Q
Interstitial Cells
A
Or Leydig cells
Found in spaces between adjacent seminiferous tubules.
Are clusters of cells.
These cells secrete testosterone and the most prevalent androgen.
21
Q
Androgen
A
A hormone that promotes the development of masculine characteristics.
22
Q
Primary Spermatocytes
A
Are dipoid (2n). Have 46 chromosomes.
Shortly after formed it replicated its DNA and meiosis begins.
Meiosis, hemologous pairs of chromosomes lines up at the metaphase plate and crossing over occurs.
Then meiosis spindle pulls one chromosome of each pair to an opposite pile of the dividing cell.
The 2 cells formed are called secondary spermatocytes.
23
Q
Secondary Spermatocytes
A
2 cells formed by meiosis I. The meiotic spindle pulls one duplicated chromosome of each pair to an opposite pole of the dividing cell.
Each has 23 chromosomes, the haploid number (n).
Each chromosome within a secondary spermatocytes is made up of 2 chromatids still attached by a centromere. No replication of DNA occurs.
24
Q
Spermatids
A
4 haploid cells resulting from meiosis II.
A single primary spermatocytes therefore produces 4 spermatids via 2 rounds of cell division: meiosis I and meiosis II.
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Spermiogensis
The final stage of Spermatogenesis develops the haploid spermatids into sperm.
No cell division occurs here.
Each spermatids becomes a single sperm cell
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Sperm
About 300 million sperm complete the process of Spermatogenesis. Only live up to 48 hours after ejaculated.
A sperm is about 60 um long.
Contains several structures that are highly adapted for reaching and penetrating a secondary oocyte.
Major parts:
1. Head: flatted, pointed about 4-5 um long. Contains a nucleus with 23 high;y condensed chromosomes. The nurses is covered by acrosome, a cap like vesicle filled with enzymes that help penetration.
2. Tail: subdivided into 4 parts. Neck: constricted region, contains centrioles. Middle part: contains mitochondria, provides ATP for locomotion. Principal piece: longest portion. End tail: the terminal, taping portion.
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Gonadotropin Releasing Hormones (GNRH)
This hormones stimulates gonadotrophs in the anterior pituitary to increase their secretion of 2 gonadotropins.
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Luteinizing Hormone
Stimulates interstitial cells located between seminiferous tubules to secret testosterone.
Is synthesized from cholesterol in the testes
Is the principal androgen.
Lipid soluble.
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Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
Acts indirectly to stimulate spermatogenesis.
FSH and testosterone act synergistically on the Sustentacular cells to stimulate the secretion of androgen-binding protein (ABP) into the lumen of seminiferous tubules and into interstitial fluid.
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Inhibin
Released by Sustentacular cells once the degree of Spermatogenesis for male reproduction has been achieved.
Protein hormone used form inhibiting FSH secretion by the anterior pituitary.
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Effects of Androgens
1. Prenatal development: testosterone stimulates male patterns of development, decent of testes.
2. Development of male sexual characteristics: testosterone and dihydrotestosterone bring about development and enlargement of male sex organs.
3. Development of sexual function: contribute to male sexual behavior, Spermatogenesis and sex drive.
4. Plays a role in muscular and skeletal growth
5. Stimulation of anabolism: androgens are anabolic hormones. Stimulate protein synthesis.
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Secondary Sex Characteristics
Traits that distinguish males and females but do not have a direct role in reproduction.
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Ducts of the Testies
1. Straight Tubules: very short ducts. Pressure generated by the fluid secreted by Sustentacular cells pushes sperm and fluid along the lumen of the seminiferous tubules into these short ducts. The straight tubules lead to:
2. Rete testis: network of ducts in the testis. From here sperm move into:
3. Efferent ducts: series of coiled ducts in the epididymis. These ducts empty into:
4. Ductus Epididymis: single tube
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Epididymis
Sperm mature here
Is an organ about 4 cm long that curves along the superior and posterior boarder of each testies.
Has a comma shape in profile.
Each consists of: tightly coiled ductus epididymis.
Head: where the efferent ducts join the ductus epidiymis.
Body: narrow mid portion
Tail: smaller inferior portion, continues to the ductus vascular deferens.
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Stereocila
Contained on the free surface of columnar cells of the ductus epididymis.
Are long, branching microvilli that increase the surface area for the reabsorption of degenerated sperm.
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Sperm Maturation
Happens at the epididymis.
Process by which sperm acquire motility and the ability to fertilize an ovum.
Occurs over period of 14 days.
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Ductus Defernes
The tail of the epididymis where the ductus epididymis becomes less convoluted and diameter increases.
About 45 cm long. Conveys sperm during sexual arousal.
Ascends along the posterior boarder of the epididymis through the spermatic cord and enters the pelvic cavity.
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Ampulla
Dilated portion of the ductus deferens.
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Spermatic Cord
Supporting structure of the male repoductive system.
Ascends out of the scrotum.
Consists of: ductus deferens, testicular artery, autonomic nerves, lymphatic vessels and cremaster muscle.
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Inguinal Canal
An oblique passageway in the anterior abdominal wall where the spermatic cord and ilioinguinal nerve pass through.
About 4-5 cm long.
Originates: deep inguinal ring-slit like opening in aponeurosis of transverse abdomis muslce
Ends: superficial inguinal ring- triangular opening in the aponeurosis of the external oblique muslce.
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Varicocele
Refers to swelling in the scrotum due to a dilation of the veins that drain the testes.
42
Ejaculatory Ducts
Each duct is about 2 cm long.
Formed by the union of the duct from the seminal vesicle and the ampulla of the ductus defernes.
Terminate in the prostatic urethra where they eject sperm and seminal vesicles secretions.
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Urethra
A shared terminal of the reproductive and urinary systems. Serves as a passage way for both semen and urine
About 20 cm long.
Passes through prostate, deep muscle of the perineum and penis.
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Urethra: Subdivided into 3 Parts
1. Prostatic urethra: long, passes through prostate. Duct continues inferiorly.
2. Intermediate urethra: where the duct passes through the deep muscle of the perineum. About 1 cm long.
3. Spongy Urethra: where the duct passes through the corpus spongiosum of the penis. About 15-20 cm long.
Ends at the external urethral orifice.
45
Seminal Vesicles
Paired, are convoluted pouch like structures.
About 5 cm long.
Lying posterior to the base of the urinary bladder and anterior to the rectum.
Secrete alkaline: viscous fluid that contains fructose, prostaglandins and clotting proteins. Helps neutralize the acid environment of the male urethra and female reproductive tract. Otherwise would kill sperm.
46
Prostate
Single, doughnut shaped gland about size of golf ball.
4 cm from side to side.
Inferior to urinary bladder and surrounds the prostatic urethra.
47
Prostate Secretions
Secretes a milky slight acidic fluid that contains several substances:
1. Citric acid: prostate fluid, used by sperm for ATP production via Krebs.
2. Proteolytic enzymes: PSA, pepsinogen, lysozyme, etc, breakdown the clotting proteins from the seminal vesicles.
3. Acid phosphates: secreted by the prostate, function unknown.
4. Seminal plasmin: prostatic fluid is an antibiotic that can destroy bacteria
48
Bulbourethral Glands
About the size of peas. Located inferior to the prostate on either side side of the membranous urethra within the deep muscle of the perineum and their ducts into the spongy urethra.
49
Semen
Mixture of sperm and seminal fluid (liquid that consists of the secretions of the seminiferous tubules, seminal vesicles, prostate and Bulbourethral glands)
Volume of semen in typical ejaculation: 2.5-5 mL with 50-150 million sperm per mL.
50
Capacitation
The sperm is affected by secretions of the uterine tube when the sperm pass through the uterus and uterine tube.
51
Hemospermia
Present of blood in the semen. Most cases caused by inflammation of the blood vessels lining the seminal vesicles.
Treated with ABX.
52
Penis
Contains the urethra
Passageway for the ejection of semen and excretion of urine.
Cylindrical in shape.
Consists of: body, glans penis and a root.
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Body of Penis
Comprised of 3 cylindrical masses of tissue, each are surrounded by fibrous tissue known as tunica albuginea.
Corpora Cavernosa Penis: 2 dorsolateral masses.
Corpus spongiosum penis: smaller midventral mass. Contains the spongy urethra and keeps it open during ejaculation.
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Erectile Tissue
Composed of numerous blood sinus lined by endothelial cells and surrounded by smooth muscle and elastic CT.
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Prepuce or Foreskin
Covering of the glans in an uncircumcised penis. Loosely fitting skin.
56
Root of the Penis
Attached portion.
Consists of:
Bulb of penis, the expanded posterior continuation of the base of the corpus spongiosum.
Curran of the penis: the 2 separate and tapers portions of the corpora cavernosa penis.
57
Weight of Penis is Supported by 2 Ligaments
The ligaments that are continuous with the fascia off the penis.
1. Fundiform ligaments: arises from the inferior part of the lines alba.
2. Suspensory ligament of the penis: arises from the pubic symphysis.
58
Erection
The enlargement and stiffening of the penis.
Upon sexual stimulation, parasympathetic fibers from the sacral portion of the spinal cord initiate and maintain it.
The fibers relapse Nitric oxide that causes smooth muscle in the walls of arterioles suppling the erectile tissue to dilate.
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Priapism
Refers to a persistent and usually painful erection of the penis that does not involve sexual desire or excitement.
Condition may last up to several hours and is accompanied by pain and tenderness.
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Emission
The discharge of a small volume of semen before ejaculation.
May occur during sleeping.
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Female Reproductive System
Includes;
Ovaries, uterine (fallopian) tubes, uterus, vagina and external organs: vulva or pudendum.
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Ovaries
Female gonads.
Paired glands that resemble unshelled almonds in size and shape.
Produce:
1- gametes-secondary oocytes that develop into mature ova after fertilization
2-hormones, including progesterone and estrogen, inhibit and relaxin
Consists of layers:
1: ovarian mesothelium (surface)
2. Tunica albuginea-whitish capsule
3. Ovarian cortex-contains stromal cells
4. Ovarian medulla-contains blood and lymph vessel and nerves.
5. Ovarian follicles- in the cortex, consist of oocytes
6. Mature follicle-fluid filled
7. Corpus luteum-produces progesterone, estrogen, relaxin and inhibin.
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Broad Ligament of Uterus
Is a fold of the parietal peritoneum
Attached to the ovaries by a double layer fold of peritoneum called mesovarium.
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Ovarian Ligament
Anchors the ovaries to the uterus
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Suspensory Ligament
Attaches the ovaries to the pelvic wall.
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Hilum
Contained in each ovary.
The point of entrance and exit for blood vessels and nerves along which the mesovarium is attached.
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Ovarian Mesothelium
Or surface epithelium
Is a layer of simple epithelium that covers the surface of the ovary.
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Tunica Albuginea
Is a whitish capsule of dense irregular CT located immediately deep to the ovarian mesothelium
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Ovarian Cortex
Is a region just deep to the tunica albuginea. Consists of ovarian follicles surrounded by dense irregular CT that contains collagen fibers and fibroblasts like cells called stromal cells.
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Ovarian Medulla
Is deep to the ovarian cortex.
Consists of more loosely arranged CT and contains blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and nerves.
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Ovarian Follicles
Are in the cortex and consists of oocytes in various stages of development plus the cells surrounding them.
When the surrounding cells form a single layer they are known as: follicular cells.
Later in development, when they form several layers they are known as: granular cells.
Surrounding cells nourish the oocytes and secrete estrogen.
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Mature Follicle
Is a large, fluid like follicles that is ready to rupture and expels its secondary oocytes. This is known as ovulation.
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Corpus Luteum
Contains the remnants of a mature follicle after ovulation.
Produces progesterone, estrogen, relaxin and inhibit until it dengenerates into fibrous scar tissue known as corpus albicans.
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Oogenesis
The formation of gametes in the ovaries.
Begins in females before they are even born.
1. Oogonium: diploid (2n) stem cells - mitosis occurs
2. Primary oocyte produces polar body and
3. Secondary oocyte: recieved most of the cytoplasm - begins miosis II
Ovulation occurs
4. Sperm cell and secondary oocyte meet
Fertilization occurs, oocyte split
5. Ovum- produces second polar body
6. Zygote - diploid (2n)
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Oogonia
Germ cells differentiate with the ovaries.
Are diploid (2) stem cells that divide mitotically to produce millions of germ cells.
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Atresia
Process where most germ cells, even before birth degenerate.
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Primary oocytes
A few germ cells that develop into larger cells that enter prophase of meiosis I during fetal development but do not compete that phase until after puberty.
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Primary Follicles
Developed when a few primordial follicles start to grow.
Consists of a primary oocyte that is surrounded in a later stage of development by several layer of cudiodal and low columnar cells called granules a cells.
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Zona Pellucida
A clear glycoproteins layer formed as the primary follicle grows between the primary oocyte and the granulosa cells.
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Secondary Follicle
Develops from a primary follicle with continuing maturation.
The theca differentiates into 2 layers:
1. Theca Interna: highly vascularized internal layer of cubodial secretory cells that secrete androgens
2. Theca externa: outer layer of stromal cells and collagen fibers.
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Antrum
Cavity in the center of the secondary follicle.
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First Polar Body
Smaller cell produced by meiosis I.
A packet of discarded nuclear material.
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Secondary Oocyte
Receives most of the cytoplasm. Once formed it begins meiosis II but then stops in metaphase.
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Ovum
Larger cells, or mature egg.
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Uterine Tubes
Or falloian tubes
2 tubes that extend laterally from the uterus.
About 10 cm long. Lie within the fold of the board ligaments of the uterus.
Ampulla: widest, longest portion, making up about 2.3 of its length.
Isthmus more medial, short, narrow, thick walled portion that joins the uterus.
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Infundibulum
The funnel shaped portion of each tube. Is close to the ovary but opens to the pelvic cavity.
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Frimbriae
Where the Infundibulum ends in a fridge of finger like projections.
Once of which is attached to the lateral end of the ovary.
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Peg Cells
Have microvilli and secrete a fluid that provides nutrition for the ovum.
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Zygote
When the nuclei of the sperm cells and the ovum unite. Diploid fertilized ovum. Begins to undergo cell division while moving toward the uterus.
Arrives in the uterus 6-7 days after ovulation.
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Uterus
Serves as part of the pathway for sperm deposited in the vagin to reach he uterus tubes.
Site of implantation of a fertilized ovum, development of the fetus during pregnancy and labor.
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Anatomical Subdivisions of the Uterus
1. Fundus: dome shaped portion superior to the uterine tubes
2. Body: a tapering central portion
3. Cervix: an inferior narrow portion that opens into the vagina.
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Isthmus
Found between the body of the uterus and the cervix.
Is a constricted region about 1 cm long.
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Aanteflexion
Normal portion where the uterus projects anteriorly and superiorly over the urinary bladder.
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Ligaments of the Uterus
1. Broad ligaments: paired, double folds of peritoneum attaching the uterus to either side of the pelvic cavity.
2. Uterosacral ligaments: paired, also peritoneal extension, lie on either side of the rectum and connect the uterus to the sacrum.
3.Cardinal Ligaments: located inferior to the bases of the broad ligaments and extend from the pelvic wall to the cervix and vagina.
4. Round ligaments: are bands of fibrous CT between the layers of the broad ligament, extend from a point on the uterus just inferior to the uterine tubes to a portion of the labia majora.
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RetroFlexion
Posterior tilting of the uterus. Is harmless variation of the normal position of the uterus.
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Histology of the Uterus (Layers)
1: perimetrium: outer layer or serous. Part of the visceral peritoneum. Composed of simple squamous epi and areolar CT. Laterally is becomes the broad ligament. Anteriorly it covers the urinary bladder.
2: Myometrium: middle layer. Consist of 3 layers of smooth muscle fibers that are thickest in the fundus and thinnest in the cervix. During labor contractions in this layer help expel the child during birth.
3. Endometrium: inner layer. Highly vascularized. Has 3 components. 1. Inner most layer, composed of simple columnar, lines the lumen. 2. Underlying endometrial stroma, thick region of lamina propria. 3. Endometrial glands developed as invaginations of the luminal epi and extend almost to the myometrium.
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Stratum Functionalis
Or functional layer
Lines the uterine cavity and sluffs off during menstruation.
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Stratum Basalis
Deeper and permanent layer of uterine cavity
gives rise to a new stratum functionalis after each menstruation.
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Uterine Arteries
Branches of internal iliac artery, supplies blood to uterus.
Gives off branches to: arculate arteries-arranged in circular fashion in myometrium
These arteries branches into: radial arteries - penetrate deeply into the myometrium.
Just before the branches enter the endometrium, divides into 2 kinds of arterioles: straight arterioles- supply the stratum basalis with materials needed to regenate the stratum functionalis.
Spiral arterioles - supply the stratum functionalis and change markedly during the menstrual cycle.
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Uterine Veins
Blood leaving the uterus is drained by these veins into internal iliac veins.
This extensive blood supply is essential to support the regrowth of a new stratum functionalis after menstruation, implantation of a fertilized ovum and development of the placenta.
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Cervical Mucus
Secretion that is produces by secretory cells of the mucosa of the cervix.
Is a mixture of water, glycoproteins, lipids, enzymes and inorganic salts.
During reproductive years, females secret 20-60 mls of this mucus per day.
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Capacitation
A series of functional changes that sperm undergo int he female reproduction tract before they are able to fertilize a secondary oocyte.
Causes sperm cells tails to beat even more vigorously and it prepares the sperm cells plasma membrane to fuse with the oocytes plasma membrane.
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Vagina
Long fibromuscular canal lined with mucous membrane that extends from the exterior of the body to the uterine cervix.
Receptacle for the penis during sexual intercourse.
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Fornix
A recess that surrounds the vaginal attachment to the cervix.
Contraceptive diaphragm rests here with properly inserted.
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Muscularis of the Vagina
Composed of:
1. Inner circular layer:
2. Outer longitudinal layer
Is a smooth muscle that can stretch considerably to accommodate the penis during intercourse and child birth.
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Adventitia
Superficial layer of the vagina, consists of areolar CT.
Anchors the vagina to adjacent organs such as the urethra and urinary bladder anteriorly and the rectum and anal cavity posteriorly.
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Hymen
A thin fold of vascularized mucous membrane.
Forms a border around and partially closes the inferior end of the vagina opening and to the exterior vaginal orifice.
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Vulva
Or pudendum
Refers to the external gentians of the female.
Made up of:
1. Moms pubis: anterior to the vagina and urethra openings. Elevation of adipose tissue covered by skin and coarse pubic hair that cushions the pubic symphysis.
2. Labia majora: 2 longitudinal folds of skin. Covered by pubic hair and contain an abundance of adipose tissue, sebaceous glands and apocrine sudoriferous glands.
3. Labia minora: two smaller folds of skin. Are devoid of pubic hair and fat, few sudoriferous glands. Contain many sebaceous glands that produce anti microbial substances and provide some lubrication during sex.
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Clitoris
Is a small cylindrical mass composed of 2 small erectile bodies, the corpora cavernosa and numerous nerves and blood vessel.
Located at the anterior junction of the labia minora.
Prepuce of the clitoris: layer of skin is formed at the point where the labia minora unite and covers the body of the clitoris.
Glands clitoris: exposed portion of the clitoris.
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Vestibule
Region between the labia minora.
Contains within: the hymen if still present, the vaginal orifice, the external urethra orifice and the openings of the ducts of several glands.
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Bulb of the Vestibule
Consists of 2 elongated masses of erectile tissue just deep to the labia on either side of the vaginal orifice.
Bulbs becomes engorged with blood during arousal, narrowing the vagina orifice and placing pressure on the penis during intercourse.
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Perineum
Diamond shaped area medial to the thighs and buttocks.
Contains: external genitals and anus.
Bound anteriorly by the pubic symphysis, laterally but the ischail tuberosity Ed’s and posteriorly by the coccyx.
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Breasts
A mammary gland
Hemispheric projection of variable size anterior to the Pectoralis major and serratus anterior muscle and attached to them by a layer of fascia composed of dense irregular CT.
Each breast has one pigmented projection called a nipple.
Areola: pigmented area of skin surrounding the nipple. Contains lactiferous ducts where milk emerges.
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Mammary Gland
Found within each breast.
Modified sudoriferous gland that produce milk.
Consists of 15-20 lobes or compartments.
Each lobe contains smaller compartments called lobules composed of gray like clusters of milk secreting glands known as alveoli.
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Myoepithelial Cells
Contraction of these cells that surround the alveoli help propel milk toward the nipples.
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Lactation
The function of the mammary glands where synthesis, secretion and ejection of milk occurs.
Is associated with pregnancy and childbirth.
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Estrogens
There are 6 different estrogens but only 3 are present is significant quantities: beta, estrone and estriol.
Secreted by ovarian follicles
Functions:
1. Development and maintenance of female reproductive system, sex characteristics and breast.
2. Increase protein anabolism, building strong bones. Are synergistic with hGH.
3. Lower blood cholesterol level.
4. After menstruation, stimulates proliferation of the stratum basalis to form new stratum functionalis.
5. Moderate levels in blood inhibit both releases of GnRh by the hypothalamus and secretion of LH and FSH by anterior anterior pituitary.
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Progesterone
Secreted mainly by cells of the corpus luteum.
Cooperates with estrogen to prepare and maintain the endometrium for implantation of a fertilized ovum and to prepare the mammary glands for milk secretion.
High levels inhibit secretion of GnRH and LH.
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Relaxin
Produced the the corpus luteum during each monthly cycle.
Release the uterus by inhibiting contraction of the myometrium.
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Refractory Period
After ejaculation, males enter this phase to recover.
Can last for minutes to hours, a second emulation is physiologically impossible.
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Diploid
(2n) Contains 46 chromosomes (23 pairs or 2 complete sets)
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Haploid
(N) 23 chromosomes ( or 1 compete set)
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Cryptorchidism
When male testes does not descend.
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Testosterone Function
1. Controls maintenance of sex organs
2. Controls the development of sex organs
3. Controls the growth of ex organs.
4. Suppresses the secretion of LH and GnRH
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Basic Difference between Oogenesis and Spermatogenesis
in Oogenesis; one mature ovum is produced
In spermatogenesis: 4 mature sperm are produced from the parent cell
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Sustentacular Cells
Or Sertraline cells
Found in the walls of the seminiferous tubules
Function:
1. Support and protect the spermatogenic cells.
2. Secrete androgen binding protein into tubules
3. Produce fluid for sperm transport
4. Secrete horome inhibin
5. Regulate the effects of testosterone and FSH
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Phases of the Female Reproductive Cycle
Cycle usually ranges from 24-36 days, assume a 28 days cycle
4 phases
1. Menstruation phase
2. Preovulatory pahse
3. Ovulation
4. Postovulatory phase
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Menstruation Phase
Lasts about 5 days.
Flow consist of: 50 -150 ml of blood, tissues, mucus and epi cells shed from the endometrium.
Discharge occurs due to decline of estrogen and progesterone.
Endometrium is very thin.
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Preovulatory Phase
More variable in length, time between end of menstruation and ovulation. Last 6-13 days.
Estrogen and inhibin is secreted.
Estrogen stimulates repair of the endometrium. Stratum bass ale cells form new stratum functionalis.
Endometrium thickens.
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Ovulation Phase
The rupture of the mature (graafian) follicle and release of secondary oocyte into the pelvic cavity.
Occurs at day 14 in 28 day cycle.
Pain can occur in this cycle as an oocyte can germ lost in cavity where it disintegrates called mittelschmerz.
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Postovulatory Phase
Time between ovulation and onset of next menstruation.
Most Constance part of the female reproductive cycle.
Last 14 days from day 15-28.
If oocyte is not fertilized: last 2 week
If fertiziled: Oogenesis begins
Progesterone and estrogen produced by corpus luteum promote growth of endometrial cells causes more thickening of endometrium.
