Chapter 23: The Respiratory System Flashcards

Question

Oropharynx

Answer 1

Lies posterior to the oral cavity and extends from the soft palate inferiorly to the level of the hyoid bone. Only has one opening into it known as faucets. Two pairs of tonsil are found here: palatine and lingual tonsils. Both resp and digestive pathway.

Answer 2

Begins at the level of the hyoid bone. Inferior end opens into the esophagus(food tube) posteriorly and the larynx (voice) anteriorly. Both resp and digestive pathway.

Answer 3

Or voice box. A short passageway that connects the Laryngopharynx with the trachea. Lies midline in the neck and anterior to the esophagus and C4-C6.

Answer 4

Composed of 9 pieces of cartilage. 3 occur singly: thyroid,epiglottis and cricoid cartilage 3 occur in pairs: arytenoid, cuneiform, corniculate cartilage. Arytenoid cartilages are the most important as they influenced changes in position and tension of the vocal folds.

Answer 5

Is the space that extends from the entrance into the larynx down to the inferior boarder of the cricoid cartilage.

Answer 6

Portion of the cavity of the larynx about the vestibular folds.

Answer 7

The portion of the cavity of the larynx below the vocal folds.

Answer 8

Consists of 2 fused plates of hyaline cartilage that form the anterior wall of the larynx and five it a triangular shape. Larger in males as it influence of male sex hormones.

Answer 9

Structure that prevents food or water for entering the trachea Is a large, leaf shaped piece of elastic cartilage that is covered with epithelium. The stem is the tapered inferior portion that is attached to the anterior rim of the thyroid cartilage.

Answer 10

Consists of a pair of fold of mucous membranes, the vocal fold in the larynx and the space between them called the rima glottidis.

Answer 11

Is a ring of hyaline cartilage that forms the inferior wall of the larynx.

Answer 12

Paired triangular pieces of mostly hyaline cartilage located at the posterior superior boarder of the cricoid cartilage. Helps move the vocal folds, form synovial joints with cricoid cartilages.

Answer 13

Paired, horned shaped pieces of elastic cartilage are located at the apex of each arytenoid cartilage.

Answer 14

Muscles membranes of the larynx forms 2 folds 1. Vestibular folds (false vocal cords) superior pair. Space between the folds is rima vestibuli. 2. Vocal folds (true vocal folds) inferior pair

Answer 15

Is a lateral expansion of the middle portion of the laryngeal cavity inferior to the vestibular fold.

Answer 16

Vocal folds are the principal structures in voice production. Vestibular folds do not function in voice production. Pitch: controlled by the tension on the vocal folds. They are taught by the muscles, vibrate more rapidly and a higher pitch results. Sound: originated from the vibration of vocal folds.

Answer 17

Or windpipe Carries air to the bronchi 16-20 C shaped rings Is a tubular passageway for air that is about 12 cm. Located anterior to the esophagus and extends from the larynx to the superior border of T5 and here it divides into right and left pulmonary bronchi.

Answer 18

Deep to super to superficial 1. Mucosa: contains lamina propria. Provides protection against dust. 2. Submucosa: contains areolar CT containing seroma conus glands and ducts. 3. Hyaline cartilage: maintains airflow 4. Adventitia (composed of CT): joins trachea to surround tissues

Answer 19

Is divided into 2 sections: right main bronchus goes into the right lung and let main bronchus goes into the left lung. Found at superior boarder of the T5 Right is more vertical, shorter and wider than the left.

Answer 20

Point or internal ridge where the trachea divides into the right and left main bronchi. Contains mucous membrane. One of the most sensitive of the entire larynx and trachea for triggering a cough reflex.

Answer 21

The main bronchi divides to form this bronchi. One for each lobe of the lung. The right has 3 lobes, left has 2.

Answer 22

Smaller bronchi that is formed from the branching of the lobar bronchi. Supply the specific bronchopulmonary segments within the lobes.

Answer 23

Formed by the divided segmental bronchi.

Answer 24

Bronchioles in turn branch repeatedly and the smallest ones branch into these even smaller tubes. Contains: club (Clara) cells - columnar, non-ciliated cells interspersed among the epi cells. These cells protect against harmful effect of inhaled toxins and carcinogens.

Answer 25

Found in terminal bronchioles Produce: surfactant Function: as stem cells which give rise to various cells of the epithelium.

Answer 26

The extensive branching from the trenches to the lungs. Resembles and inverted tree.

Answer 27

Is a specialist in the diagnosis and treatment of lung disease.

Answer 28

Are light as they float. Are paired cone shaped organs in the thoracic cavity. Separated from each other by the heart and mediastinum. Extend from diaphragm and slightly superior to clavicles. Base: is concave and fits over the convex area of the diaphragm Apex: narrow superior portion of the lung. Costal Surface: surface of lung, matches rounded curvature of ribs. Mediastinal Surface: contains the hilum where blood vessels, lympathic vessels and nerves enter and exit.

Answer 29

Or pleura. Protective, double layer of serous membrane that encloses each lung.

Answer 30

Superficial layer that lines the wall of the thoracic cavity.

Answer 31

Deep layer that covers the lungs.

Answer 32

Small space found between the visceral and parietal pleurae. Contains: small amount of lubricating fluid secreted by the membranes.

Answer 33

Reduces fritiction between the membrances. Allows for them to slide easily over one another during breathing. Causes the 2 membranes to adhere to one another.

Answer 34

Contain in the left lung in which the apex of the heart lies. This is way the left lung is smaller than the right, by 10%.

Answer 35

Divides each lung into sections known as lobes. Oblique fissures: Found in both lungs extend inferiorly and anteriorly. Separates superior and inferior lobes. Horizontal fissures: found in the right lung.

Answer 36

Portion of lung tissue that each segmental bronchus supplies. Bronchial and pulmonary disorders that are localized here can be surgically removed without disrupting the surrounding tissue.

Answer 37

Each bronchopulmonary segment contain these many small compartments. Each lobule is wrapped in elastic CT and contains lymphatic vessel’s, an arteriole, a venule and a branch from a terminal bronchioles.

Answer 38

Formed from subdivided resp bronchioles and consists of simple squamous epi.

Answer 39

Terminal dilation of an alveolar duct. Analogous to a cluster of grapes.

Answer 40

Composed of outpouchings in each alveolar sac. Analogous to individual grapes.

Answer 41

Primary site for gas exchange through simple squamous epithelium The wall consist of 2 types of alveolar epithelial cells. 1. Type I alveolar cells: simple squamous epi cells that form a nearly continuous lining of the alveolar wall. 2. Type II alveolar cells: also called septal cells, secretes fluid. Fewer in number and found between type I alveolar cells.

Answer 42

Contains surfactant Secreted by type II alveolar cells that contain microvilli. Keeps the surface between the cells and the air moist.

Answer 43

Included in alveolar fluid. A complex mixture of phospholipids and lipoproteins. Lowers the surface tension of alveoli fluid to reduce the tendency of alveoli to collapse and thus maintain their patency.

Answer 44

Or dust cells Present in alveolar wall Phagocytes that remove fine dust particles and other debris from the alveolar spaces and fibroblasts and produce reticular and ecstatic fibers.

Answer 45

Formed by the alveolar and capillary walls. The exchange of O2 and CO2 between the air space in the lungs and the blood takes place by diffusion across these 2 structures.

Answer 46

1. A layer of type I and type II alveolar cells, associated alveolar macrophages that constitutes the alveolar wall. 2. Epithelial basement membrane underlying the alveolar wall 3. Capillary basement membrane that is often flushed to the epithelial basement membrane 4. Capillary endothelium

Answer 47

Lungs receive blood via 2 arteries: 1. Pulmonary arteries: only carry deO2 2. Bronchial arteries DeO2 blood passes through pulmonary trunk which divides into left and right pulmonary arteries that enter the left and right lung. Return of the O2 blood to the heart occurs by the way of 4 pulmonary veins which drain into the left atrium.

Answer 48

Phenomenon where In the lungs, vasoconstriction in response to hypoxia diverts pulmonary blood from poorly ventilated areas of the lungs to well ventilated regions for more efficient gas exchange. The perfusion of the lungs matches the extent of ventilation to alveoli in that area.

Answer 49

Or breathing The flow of air into and out of the lungs. Rate of airflow and amount of effort needed for breathing is influenced by alveolar surface tension, compliance of lungs and airway resistance.

Answer 50

Inspiration/breathing, increases the size of the lungs. For air flow into the lungs the pressure inside alveoli must become lower than the atmospheric pressure.

Answer 51

Gas law that describes the pressure changes that occur during pulmonary ventilation. The pressure of gas in a closed container is inversely proportional to the volume of the container. This means that if the size of a closed container is increased the pressure of the gas inside the container decreased, and that if the size of the container is decreased then the pressure inside it increases.

Answer 52

Diaphragm Dome shaped skeletal muscle that forms the floor of the thoracic cavity. Flattens on contraction. Second important muscle : external intercostals.

Answer 53

Is the pressure within the pleural cavity space between pariteal and visceral pleural Small amount of lubricating fluid is present in this space.

Answer 54

The pressure of air within the alveoli of the lungs drops from 760 to 758 mmHg as the volume of the lungs increases.

Answer 55

Expiration Begins when inspiration muscle relax Breathing out due to a pressure gradient but this gradient is in the opposite direction. Results from elastic recoil of the chest wall and lungs.

Answer 56

1. Recoil of elastic fibers that were stretched during inhalation 2. The inward pull of surface tension due to the film of intrapleural fluid between the visceral and parietal pleurae.

Answer 57

When a thin layer of alveolar fluid coasts the luminal surface of alveoli it exerts a force. Arises at all air-water interfaces because the polar water molecules are more strongly attracted to each other then they are to gas molecules in air.

Answer 58

Refers to how much effort is required to stretch the lungs and chest wall. High compliance: lungs and chest wall expand easily Low compliance: lungs and chest resist expansion Related to: elasticity and surface tension.

Answer 59

Normal patterns of breathing. Can consist of shallow, deep or combined breathing.

Answer 60

A pattern of shallow breathing

Answer 61

A pattern of deep abdominal breathing

Answer 62

Long drawn and deep inhalation followed by a complete closure of rima glottidis resulting in exhalation that suddenly pushes rima glottidis open and send a blast of air through upper resp passage. Stimulus reflex: foreign body lodged in larynx, trachea or epiglottis.

Answer 63

Spasmodic contraction of muscle of exhalation that forcefully expels air through the nose and mouth. Stimulus: irritation

Answer 64

A long drawn and deep inhalation immediacy followed by a shorter but forceful exhalation.

Answer 65

A deep inhalation through widely opened mouth producing exaggerated depression of the mandible. Precise cause in unknown Stimulus: drowsiness

Answer 66

A series of convulsive inhalations followed by a single prolonged exhalation. Rima glottidis closes earlier than normal after each inhalation so only a little air enters the lungs with each inhalation

Answer 67

Occurs following an inhalation followed by short convulsive exhalations during which the Irma glottides remains open and the vocal folds vibrates Followed by facial expressions

Answer 68

Spasmodic contractions of the diaphragm followed by a spasmodic closure of the rima glottidis. Produces a sharply sound on inhalation. Stimulus: irritation of the sensory nerve endings of GI tract

Answer 69

Forced exhalation against as closed rima glottidis as may occurs during period of straining while defecating

Answer 70

The nose and mouth are held closed and air from the lungs are in forced through the auditory tube into middle ear.

Answer 71

1. Lung Volumes: measured directly by use of a spirometer 2. Lung Capacities: combinations of different lung volumes.

Answer 72

Apparatus used to measure volumes and capacities.

Answer 73

Record of measuring lung volumes Inhalation is upward deflection Exhalation is downward deflection

Answer 74

The volume of one breath. In adult about 70% of tidal volume (350mL) reaches the resp zone. Other 30% stays in in airways of nose, pharynx, larynx etc.

Answer 75

The conducting airway with air that does not undergo resp exchange. Not all inhaled air can be used in gas exchange as some remains in this space.

Answer 76

Additional air from a very deep breath can inhale more than 500mL. Average 3100 mL male and 1900mL female.

Answer 77

Extra 1200 mL in males and 700 mL in females of inhaled air.

Answer 78

Is the volume of air that can be exhaled from the lungs in 1 sec with maximal effort following a max inhalation. COPD greatly reduces FEV1.

Answer 79

After expiratory reserve volume is exhaled, considerable air remain in the lungs because the intrapleural pressure keeps alveoli inflated. Some air remains in non collapsible airways. This air cant be measured.

Answer 80

Air that remains after the thoracic cavity is opened the intrapleural pressure rises to equal the atmospheric pressure and forces out some of the residual volume.

Answer 81

Are combinations of lung volumes.

Answer 82

Is the sum of tidal volume and inspiratory reserve volume Males 500mL +3100 = 3600mL Females 500mL +1900 = 2400 mL

Answer 83

Is the sum of residual volume and expiratory reserve volume Males: 1200mL + 1200mL = 2400 mL Females 1100mL + 700mL = 1800 mL

Answer 84

Is the sum of inspiratory reserve volume, tidal volume and expiratory reserve volume Males: 4800mL Females 3100mL

Answer 85

The same of vital capacity and residual volume Males: 4800 mL + 1200mL = 6000 mL Females: 3100 mL + 1100 mL = 4200mL

Answer 86

The total volume of air inspired and expired each minute. Is tidal volume x resp rate. At rest: 6000 mL/min

Answer 87

Is the volume of air per min that actually reaches the resp zone = 350 mL Va = 12 bpm x 350 mL = 4200 mL/min

Answer 88

Each gas in a mixture of gases exerts its own pressure as if no other gases were present. The pressure of a specific gas in a mixture is called : partial pressure (Px) Total pressure of a mixture is calculated by adding all the partial pressure.

Answer 89

Is a mixture of gases N2, O2, Ar, CO2, H20

Answer 90

Is the sum of all pressure of the gases 760 mmHg

Answer 91

States that the quantity of a gas that will dissolve in a liquid is proportional to the partial pressure of the gas and its solubility.

Answer 92

When a diver ascents too quickly, the nitrogen comes out of solution too quickly and forms gas bubbles in tissues of the body. Effects depending on # of bubbles: joint pain in arms and legs, dizziness, SOB, extreme fatigue, paralysis and unconsciousness.

Answer 93

Pulmonary gas exchange Is the diffusion of 02 from air in the alveoli of the lungs to blood in pulmonary capillaries and the diffusion of CO2 in the opposite direction.

Answer 94

Systemic gas exchange The exchange of 02 and CO2 between systemic capillaries and tissue cells.

Answer 95

1.5 % of inhaled O2 is dissolved in blood plasma = 0.3 mL 98.5 % of blood O2 is bound to hemoglobin in RBC = 19.7 mL. Each 100 mL of O2 blood contains the equivalent of 20 mL of gaseous O2.

Answer 96

Hb-O2 O2 and hemoglobin bind in an easily reversible reaction. Most important factor in binding: Po2. The higher the Po2 the more O2 combines with Hb.

Answer 97

When reduced Hb is completely converted to Hb-O2.

Answer 98

When Hb consists of mixture of Hb and Hb-O2.

Answer 99

Expresses the average saturation of Hb with O2.

Answer 100

Tightness in which hemoglobin binds O2. Po2: most important factor that determine the % of O2 saturation of hemoglobin.

Answer 101

1. Dissolved CO2: smallest percent about 7% is disclosed in blood plasma. Once reachers lungs, diffuses into alveolar air and is exhaled. 2. Carbamino Compounds: HB-CO2 higher % about 23%. Combines with amino groups of amino acids and proteins in blood to form car amino compounds. 3. Bicarbonate ion: greatest % of CO2 about 70% is transported in the blood plasma as bicarbonate ions. As CO2 diffuses into systemic capillaries and enters RBC, it reacts with water in the presence of the enzymes carbonic a hydrate to form carbonic acid which dissociates into H and HCO3.

Answer 102

Blood picks up CO2, HCO3 accumulates inside RBC. Some HCO3 moves out into the blood plasma, down its concentration gradient. In this exchange, CL moves from plasma into RBC. This exchanges of negative ions which maintains the electrical balance between blood plasma and RBC cytosol. The net effect of these reactions is that CO2 is removed from tissues cells and transported in blood plasma as HCO3.

Answer 103

Relations where the lower the amount of oxyhemoglobin (Hb-O2), the higher the CO2 carrying capacity of the blood. 2 characteristics: 1. Deoxyhemoglobin binds to and thus transports more CO2 than foes Hb_O2. 2. Deoxyhemoglobin also buffers more H than does Hb-O2 thereby removing H from solution and promoting conversion of CO2 to HCO3 via the reaction catalyzed by carbonic a hydrate.

Answer 104

At rest about 200 mL of O2 is used each min by body cells.

Answer 105

Is a widely dispersed group of neurons. Can divide into 2 principal ares on the basis of location and functions: 1. The medullary resp center in medulla 2. The pontine resp group in the pons.

Answer 106

Made up of 2 collections of neurons calls dorsal resp group (DRG) and Ventral Resp Group (VRG). DRG: generate impulses to the diaphragm via phrenic nerves and external intercostal muscles via intercostal nerves. VRG: cluster of neurons called preBotzinger complex is important in genre action of rhythm of breathing.

Answer 107

Is a collection of neurons in the pons. Transmit nerve impulses tot he DRG in the medulla. Plays a role in both inhalation and exhalation

Answer 108

Are located in or near the medulla in the central nervous system. They respond to changes in H concentration or Pco2 or both in cerebrospinal fluid.

Answer 109

Are located in the aortic bodies, clusters of chemoreceptors located in the wall of the arch of the aorta And, carotid bodies which are oval nodules in the wall of the left and right common carotid arteries where they divide into the internal and external carotid arteries.

Answer 110

Normal Pco2 is 40 mmHg. Slight increase in Pco2. Central chemoreceptors are stimulated and respond vigorously to the resulting increase in H level.

Answer 111

Rapid and deep breathing. Allows the inhalation of more O2 and exhalation of more CO2 until Pco2 and H are lowered to normal.

Answer 112

If arterial Pco2 is lower than 40 mmHg. The central and peripheral chemoreceptors are not stimulated and stimulation impulses are not sent to the DRG.

Answer 113

Anticipation of activity or emotional anxiety may stimulate the limbic system. Sends excitatory input to the DRG, increasing the rate and depth of breathing.

Answer 114

An increase in body temp as occurs during fever or vigorous exercise, increases the rate of breathing. A decrease in body temp decreases breathing rate.

Answer 115

Sudden, severe pain brings about apnea. Prolonged somatic pain increases breathing rate. Visceral pain may slow the rate of breathing.

Answer 116

The action increase the breathing rate and is sometimes used to stimulate resp in a newborn baby or person who has stopped breathing.

Answer 117

Physical or chemical irrational of the pharynx or larynx brings about an immediate cessation of breathing followed by coughing or sneezing.

Answer 118

The carotid and aortic baroreceptors that detect changes in blood pressure have a small effect on breathing. A sudden rise in blood pressure decreases the rate of breathing and a drop in BP increases the breathing rate.

Answer 119

Consists of a series of interconnection cavities and tubes both outside and within the lungs. Includes: nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles Function: to filter, warm and moisten air and conduct it into the lungs. Action: 1.Clean air of debris 2. Conduct air into lungs 3. Add water to air 4. Warm air

Answer 120

1. Partial pressure difference of gases 2. Surface area availability for gas exchange 3. Diffusion distance 4. Molecular weight and solubility of the gas.

Answer 121

1. Partial pressure difference of gases 2. Surface area availability for gas exchange 3. Diffusion distance 4. Molecular weight and solubility of the gas.

Answer 122

Tissue that maintains open airways in the lower respiratory system

Answer 123

Produce surfactant

Answer 124

1. Lung compliance 2. Surface tension of alveolar fluid 3. Elastic recoil of the chest wall and lungs 4. Airway resistance

Answer 125

Oxygen into blood, carbon dioxide out of blood.

Answer 126

Dissolved in plasma as bicarbonate ions

Answer 127

1. PH of blood 2. Partial pressure of O2 3. Amount of O2 available 4. Temp

Answer 128

Controlled by: Pontine Medullary resp center dorsal Medullary resp center ventral

Answer 129

Occurs due to forced exhalation against the closed Irma glottides as may occur during periods of staring while defecating

Answer 130

Found in the medulla

Answer 131

Consist of tubes and tissues within the lungs where gas exchange occurs. Includes: resp bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, alveoli. Function: main sites of gas exchange between air and blood.

Chapter 23: The Respiratory System Flashcards

(156 cards)