Flashcards in Chapter 3, 4, 5 powerpoint Deck (49):
1
what is amniote grouping based on
pattern of temporal region openings of the skull
2
two things that define temporal fenestra
# of openings
position of the bars
3
No fenestrae,
only seen in ancestral turtles
anapsid skull
4
1 fenestra
upper rim is the bar which is composed of the squamosal and postorbital bones
ancestors of mammals
synapsid skull
5
2 fenestrae
mid= upper bar = squamosal and post orbital
lower rim=lower bar= jugal and quadratojugal bones
found in dinosaurs, birds, and other non turtle reptiles
diapsid skull
6
1 fenestrae
modified diapsid
loss of lower bar
euryapsid
7
when did synapsids arise in the fossil record
300 MYA
8
2 subgroups of synapsids
pelycosaures
terapsids
9
two groups of terapsids
conodonts and mammals
10
3 extant groups of mammals
monotremes
metatherians
eutherians
11
hair, suckle young, endotherms
no nipples, no external ears, shelled eggs
monotremes
12
pouch vs. placenta to nourish young
metatherians
13
placenta to nourish young
eutherians
14
forces that can act on weight bearing structures
compression
tension
shear
15
structure failure over time
fatigue fracture
16
what in bone allows it to resist propagation of fractures
collagen fibers and hydroxyapatite crystals
17
regression/reduction from unstressed or constant stress
atrophy
18
expansion, bigger cells, with stress
hypertrophy
19
expansion, more cells, with stress
hyperplasia
20
4 environmental influences on bone
disease
nutrition
hormones
mechanical stress
21
bone remodeling occurs in proportion to mechanical demands
Wolff's law
22
two other names for spongy bone
trabecular bone
cancellous bone
23
cells that reabsorb bone matrix
osteoclasts
24
refers to the network of trabeculae found in the bone
trabecular
25
when stress is added to spongy bone two things can happen
the bone thickens
the trabeculae are remodeled
26
dense
few spaces
outside layers of all bones
makes up most of the diaphysis of long bones
compact bone
27
the shaft of the bone
diaphysis
28
lattice of thin bone plates or cords
makes up short flat irregularly shaped bones
makes up the epiphysis of long bones
no osteons present
spongy bone
29
wrapped around the outside of bone
connective like tissue
where stem cells hangout
sharpey's fibers grow into the bone
how tendons and cartilage connect to bone
periosteum
30
also has stem cells but surrounds the linings of the bony canals and covering trabeculae
endosteum
31
how cells are arranged in compact bone
osteon
32
little canals that come off the lacunae
canaliculi
33
canals that connect central canals to each other
perforating or Volkmann's canals
34
why is there a medullary cavity and spongy bone in long bones
to make them lighter without compromising the strength
35
organic part of bone matrix
osteoid
36
matrix between cells is made of how much of these three things
25% water
25% protein fibers
50% crystal mineral salt
37
crystallization of bone is also called two things
calcification and mineralization
38
crystallization depends on
both mineral salts and collagen
39
ends of longbones
epiphysis
40
neck between epiphysis and diaphysis
metaphysis
41
two types of bone formation
intramembranous ossification
endochondral ossification
42
bone forms directly on or in loose fibrous connective tissue layers
intramembranous ossification
43
bone from mesenchyme in dermis
dermal bones
44
bone forms in tendons
sesamoid bones
45
bone formation via replacement of cartilage with bone
endochondral ossification
46
bone forms inward from periosteum
primary ossification center
47
form from layer in epiphyseal region
bone forming outwards
secondary ossification center
48
growth in thickness of bone
appositional growth
49