chapter 7-skull

Question 1

4 functions of the skeleton

Answer 1

give body shape
support body support
work with muscles for movement
protect soft parts

Question 2

two large “divisions” of the skeleton

Answer 2

exoskeleton and endoskeleton

Question 3

the real two divisions of the skeleton

Answer 3

cranial skeleton

postcranial skeleton

Question 4

the three parts of the cranial skeleton

Answer 4

splanchnocranium
chondrocranium
dermatocranium

Question 5

the most ancient part of the skeleton skull, supports the pharynx

Answer 5

splanchnocranium

Question 6

what cells derive the splachnocranium

Answer 6

neural crest cells

Question 7

underlies the brain, can be made of cartilage in some species, in others it has become bone

Answer 7

chondrocranium

Question 8

outer skull casing

what we really think of when we think skull

Answer 8

dermatocranium

Question 9

skull components surrounding/encasing the brain

can be 1,2,or all 3 parts

Answer 9

braincase

Question 10

braincase and attached sensory capsules

Answer 10

neurocranium

Question 11

how is the chondrocranium seen in elasmobranchs

Answer 11

makes up the majority of the braincase and remains as cartilage

Question 12

how is the chondrocranium seen in other vertebrates

Answer 12

embryonic scaffold for parts of the neurocranium

meaning it becomes bone

Question 13

4 things the splanchnocranium does

Answer 13

supports gills
supports buccal pump muscles
contributes to jaw
contributes to hyoid arch

Question 14

what is believed to be the precursor for the splanchnocranium

Answer 14

protochordate pharyngeal bars

Question 15

when organisms evolve to leave water where does the splanchnocranium go

Answer 15

middle ear, larynx, rings of trachea

Question 16

what is the dermatocraniums origin

Answer 16

dermal bones

Question 17

how do dermal bones for min dermatocranium

Answer 17

intramembranous ossification

Question 18

in bony fishes and tetrapods the chondrocranium makes up the

Answer 18

occipital and sphenoid bones

otic capule

Question 19

the hyoid apparatus is part of the

Answer 19

splanchocranium

Question 20

what is the job of the hyoid arch

Answer 20

support floor of the mouth tongue and muscles of throat

Question 21

movement between the upper jaw and braincase

Answer 21

cranial kinesis

Question 22

two big advantages of a kinetic skull

Answer 22

allows change in size/shape of mouth quickly

allows orienting of toothed bones

Question 23

two elements supporting the jaws of chondrichthyes

Answer 23

hydromadiubla and ceratohyal

Question 24

jaws of actinopterygii moved to this mode of feeding

Answer 24

rapid suction feeding

Question 25

how did rapid suction feeding work

Answer 25

rapid expansion of the buccal cavity in all directions creating a negative pressure

Question 26

what increased area up and down during rapid suction feeding

Answer 26

neurocranium raised | mandible lowered

Question 27

what increased the area to widen the buccal cavity during rapid suction feeding

Answer 27

throat muscles and hyoid arch

Question 28

region in skull where we have olfactory centers

Answer 28

nasal capsule

Question 29

how are actinopterygii nasal passages arranged

Answer 29

anterior and posterior nares on each side of head for 1 way flow of water

Question 30

how are tetrapods nasal passages arranged

Answer 30

external naris opens to outside and internal naris into oral cavity to establish pattern for airflow into lungs

Question 31

what is the third nasal sac opening that drains secretions of glands the moisten the eye surface

Answer 31

nasolacrimal duct

Question 32

glands the moisten the eye surface

Answer 32

lacrimal glands

Question 33

what part of the skull loses jaw suspension function and adapts to hearing in air

Answer 33

hyomandiubla

Question 34

what bones are lost in early tetrapod skulls

Answer 34

opercular and extracapsular bones

Question 35

what important feature happens in early tetrapods that allows for a neck to be created

Answer 35

the pectoral girdle detaches from skull

Question 36

in amphibians brachial arches start doing this then end up doing this

Answer 36

support larval gills then reduce to hyoid apparatus to support tongue