Chapter 8

Question 1

repeating series of cartilage/bone elements and also supplants notochord in many vertebrates

Answer 1

vertebral column

Question 2

three functions of the vertebral column

Answer 2

supports body weight
muscle attachment sites
stiff axis for body movements and shape

Question 3

two arches of early vertebrae and what they hold

Answer 3

neural arch (nerve cord)
hemal arch (blood vessels)

Question 4

how were early vertebral cords arranged

Answer 4

neural arches were not connected to hemal arches

Question 5

two regions of fish vertebrae

Answer 5

anterior trunk region

posterior caudal region

Question 6

5 regions of vertebrae in tetrapods

Answer 6

cervical
thoracic
lumbar
sacral
caudal

Question 7

centra and arches remain separate

Answer 7

aspidospondyly

Question 8

centra and arches fuse into one piece

Answer 8

holospondyly

Question 9

linking the centra forms

Answer 9

axial column

Question 10

the shape of the centra articulating surfaces influences

Answer 10

movements possible and force distributions

Question 11

which place is the best to have a rotation point in the vertebrae

Answer 11

the center to decrease stress on the nerve cord

Question 12

cushion between vertebrae centrae joint surfaces

Answer 12

intervertebral cartilages

Question 13

intervertebral discs in mammals are made of

Answer 13

fibrocartilage and nucleus pulposus

Question 14

where do the intervertebral ligaments attach

Answer 14

the rims of adjacent centra

Question 15

vertebral processes are also called

Answer 15

apophyses

Question 16

two apophyses that articulate with the ribs

Answer 16

diapophyses

parapophyses

Question 17

ventral apophyses

Answer 17

basopophyses

Question 18

joint forming processes between vertebrae

Answer 18

zygapophyses

Question 19

4 characteristics of ribs

Answer 19

articulate on vertebrae surfaces or fuse with vertebrae
protect internal organs
sites for muscle attachment
role in ventilation and breathing

Question 20

steps to forming ribs in development

Answer 20

myomeres
myosepta
connective tissue 
cartilage 
ribs

Question 21

three parts of the rib cage

Answer 21

ribs
sternum
cartilage connections

Question 22

why is the development of the sternum important

Answer 22

allows for breathing air, closing rib cage

Question 23

“abdominal ribs”

Answer 23

gastralia

Question 24

three big characteristics of gastralia

Answer 24

dermal bone origin
run sternum to pelvis on lateral ventral body wall
no articulation with vertebrae

Question 25

bottom of turtle shell

Answer 25

plastron

Question 26

components of the plastron

Answer 26

clavicles interclavicle gatralia/dermal scales

Question 27

hagfish?

Answer 27

prominent notochord | no vertabrae

Question 28

lamprey?

Answer 28

prominent notochord | small cartilage vertebral elements on dorsal notochord

Question 29

primitive fishes?

Answer 29

prominent notochord vertebrae with dorsal and ventral cartilage arches lack centra

Question 30

modern sharks?

Answer 30

expanded cartilage vertebrae connected dorsal/ventral arches with centra have some processes

Question 31

teleosts?

Answer 31

ossified vertebral column centra bone replaces notochord spines and ribs are more prominent

Question 32

how do fish swim

Answer 32

via lateral undulations

Question 33

large dorsal lobe with vertebrae; small ventral lobe and example

Answer 33

heterocercal | shark

Question 34

vertebral column center; symmetrical dorsal/ventral lobes and example

Answer 34

diphycercal | lungfish

Question 35

vertebral column at dorsal edge; symmetrical dorsal/ventral lobes and example

Answer 35

homocercal | teleost fish

Question 36

where to fin elements attach

Answer 36

hemal arches

Question 37

two problems with transition to land

Answer 37

air is non-buoyant | respiration in air

Question 38

what is the solution for increased torsion/twist on the vertebral column on land

Answer 38

zygapophyses intervertebral articulations | they will also interlock to suppress torsion

Question 39

what is the solution of increased weight bearing stress on column

Answer 39

reduce number of centra | increase centra mass

Question 40

what is the purpose of increasing the centra mass

Answer 40

reduce flexibility of column | raise capacity to support weight

Question 41

first and second vertebrae in all amniotes

Answer 41

atlas | axis

Question 42

atlas/axis joint allows for

Answer 42

rotation of the head

Question 43

atlas/skull allows for

Answer 43

lift/tilt of head

Question 44

what is the purpose of the fused synsacrum of the bird

Answer 44

study to support flight | fewer muscles to attach which is lighter

Question 45

some thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and caudal fuse

Answer 45

synsacrum

Question 46

in snakes there is increased torsion on the vertebral column, what is the solution

Answer 46

increase the number of zygapophyses to support column

Question 47

in mammals there are highly regionalized vertebral columns, number of cervical, thoracic and lumbar, sacral, and caudal

Answer 47

7 15-20 2-5 varies

Question 48

in many mammals why are the posterior thorax vertebrae without ribs

Answer 48

allows for greater hind limb stride