Chapter 3

Question 1

organic molecules

Answer 1

molecules based on carbon

Question 2

inorganic molecules

Answer 2

substances without carbon atoms in their structure

Question 3

hydrocarbons

Answer 3

molecules consisting of carbon linked only to hydrogen

Question 4

functional group

Answer 4

reactive groups of atoms

Question 5

hydroxyl

Answer 5

consists of an oxygen atom linked to a hydrogen atom on one side
polars
alcohols

Question 6

carbonyl

Answer 6

consists of an oxygen linked to a carbon by a double bond
oxygen atom is very reactive
aldehydes; ketones

Question 7

carboxyl

Answer 7

combination of a carbonyl and hydroxyl group

characteristic functional group of organic acids for energy generating reactions in living organisms

Question 8

amino

Answer 8

nitrogen bonded on one side by two hydrogen atoms

acts as an organic base

Question 9

phosphate

Answer 9

central phosphorous atom held in four linkages
two are -oh
one is double bond with o
one is single bond with o

Question 10

sulfhydrl

Answer 10

sulfur linked to a hydrogen

Question 11

isomer

Answer 11

molecules that have the same chemical formula but different molecular structures

Question 12

enantiomers/optical isomers

Answer 12

isomers that are mirror images

Question 13

structural isomers

Answer 13

molecules of same chemical formula but atoms are arranged in different ways

Question 14

dehydration

Answer 14

when components of water molecule are removed

Question 15

hydrolysis

Answer 15

when components of water are added to the function groups as molecules are broken into smaller subunits

Question 16

glycogen

Answer 16

energy providing carbohydrates in animal cells

Question 17

starch

Answer 17

energy providing carbohydrates in plant cells

Question 18

cellulose

Answer 18

one of the primary constituents of plant cell walls made of chains of carbohydrate subunits

Question 19

monosaccarides

Answer 19

smallest carbohydrates that contant 3-7 carbon atoms

Question 20

polysaccarides

Answer 20

10 or more linked monosaccarides

Question 21

glycosidic bonds

Answer 21

bonds between the number 1 carbon and the 4 carbon of a second glucose unit which link monosaccarides

Question 22

neutral lipids

Answer 22

found in cells as energy storage molecules

insoluble in water

Question 23

fatty acids

Answer 23

single hydrocarbon chain with a carboxyl group at one end

Question 24

saturated fatty acid

Answer 24

max number of hydrogen

Question 25

unsaturated fatty acid

Answer 25

one or more double bonds between c atoms

Question 26

monounsaturated

Answer 26

one double bond

Question 27

polyunsaturated

Answer 27

more than one double bond

Question 28

triglyceride

Answer 28

fatty acids bind by dehydration synthesis at each of a glycerols

Question 29

waxes

Answer 29

fatty acids combined with long-chain alcohols or hydrocarbon structures

Question 30

phospholipids

Answer 30

phosphate containing lipids primary lipids of cell membranes half polar half nonpolar

Question 31

steroids

Answer 31

lipids with structures based on framework of 4 carbon rings

Question 32

sterols

Answer 32

most abundant steroids that have a single polar -oh group at one end

Question 33

cholesterol

Answer 33

in boundary membrane surrounding animal cells

Question 34

phytosterols

Answer 34

in plant membranes

Question 35

enzymes

Answer 35

increase the rate of cellular reactions

Question 36

amino acids

Answer 36

molecule that contains both an animo group and a carboxyl group

Question 37

peptide bond

Answer 37

formed by dehydration synthesis between NH2 of one amino acid to the cooh group of another

Question 38

n-terminal end

Answer 38

part of amino acid where nh2 is located

Question 39

c terminal end

Answer 39

part of amino acid chain when cooh is located

Question 40

polypetide

Answer 40

series of peptide bonds

Question 41

primary structure

Answer 41

particular and unique sequence of amino acids

Question 42

secondary structure

Answer 42

produced by twists and turns of the amino acid chain

Question 43

tertiary structure

Answer 43

folding of amino acid into 3d shape

Question 44

quaternary structure

Answer 44

when polypetide chain is formed from more than one chain

Question 45

alpha helix

Answer 45

backbone is twisted into a right hand spiral side groups extend from backbone h bonds between atoms in backbone

Question 46

beta sheet

Answer 46

chain zigzags in a flat plane | h bonds between adjacent strands stabilize sheet

Question 47

random coil

Answer 47

irregularly folded arrangement | allows proteins to fold back on themselves

Question 48

conformation

Answer 48

tertiary structure or its overall 3d shape

Question 49

denaturation

Answer 49

unfolding a protein from its active conformation so that it loses structure and function

Question 50

renaturation

Answer 50

opposite of denaturation

Question 51

chaperone proteins/chaperonins

Answer 51

temporarily bind with newly synthesized proteins guiding them to the proper conformationa nd tertiary structure

Question 52

conformation changes

Answer 52

undergoing limited alterations in 3d shape

Question 53

domains

Answer 53

large structural subdivisions folding of the amino acid chain

Question 54

motifs

Answer 54

highly specialized regions produced by 3d arrangement of amino acid chains within and between domain

Question 55

dna

Answer 55

stores hereditary information responsible for inherited traits in all eukaryotes and prokaryoes and a large number of viruses

Question 56

rna

Answer 56

hereditary molecule of a large group of viruses | carries instructions for assembling protein for dna to the sites where protein are made in the cell

Question 57

nucleotide

Answer 57

``` monomer of nucleic acids consisting of: pyrimides: one carbon nitrogen ring purines: two nitrogen carbon rings five carbon ring shaped sugar one to three phosphate groups ```

Question 58

deoxyribose

Answer 58

5 carbon sugar to which a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group link covalently

Question 59

ribose

Answer 59

5 carbon sugar to which the nitrogenous bases in nulceotides link covalently

Question 60

nucleoside

Answer 60

structure containing only a nitrogenous base and 5 carbon sugar

Question 61

phosphodiester bond

Answer 61

bridging the phosphate group from 5 of one sugar with the 3 carbon of another

Question 62

double helix

Answer 62

two nucleotide chains wrapped around each other in a spiral

Question 63

template

Answer 63

nucleotide chain used in dna for the assembly of the complementary chain