Review Flashcards
(383 cards)
1
Q
sex linked trait
A
when a trait happens more likely in males than females because they have less x chromosones
2
Q
homogametic sex vs heterogamic sex
A
homo only produces one type of gamete
3
Q
microfilmanets are made of
A
actin
4
Q
latent phase
A
inactive form; no viral particles can be detected
5
Q
telephase
A
nuclearu envole forms
6
Q
lysosome
A
breaks down stuff
7
Q
the mitotic spindle originates from the
A
centrioles
8
Q
hfr cells
A
donor that can transfer genes on the bacterial chromosome to a recepient
9
Q
what function group is a component of the hydrophilic sruface
A
phospahte
10
Q
chrormoes that appear from all over the world are an enxample of
A
gene flow
11
Q
plants are green because they haave molecules that ___ green light
A
reflect
12
Q
m phase promoting factor
A
initationes mitos and orchestrates some of the key events
13
Q
karyotype is preapred by arresting cells during the _____ phase of ____
A
metaphase, mitosis
14
Q
eveloped viruss
A
covered by a surface membrane derived from the plasm membrane of their hosts
15
Q
what is translation
A
the process that uses infromation from rna to make a peptide
16
Q
phophataose
A
removes a phosphate group from a protein
17
Q
poly a polymerase
A
enzye that adds chain of a nulceotides to the 3’ end of pre-mrna
18
Q
reinforcement
A
natural selection favoriting indivudas that mate only with members of their own population
19
Q
physiology
A
responses of organs to chagne in evnerionetn
20
Q
which organisms dont depend on mitocondria
A
bactera
21
Q
golgi apparatus
A
receives products of er, sends products to secretry vesicels
22
Q
nucleic acids
A
phosphodiester bonds
23
Q
neutral variation hypothesis
A
some of the geneitc variaton at loci coding for eznyems and other proteins is selectively netural
24
Q
tissues, nervous and endocrine cells
A
secretory, ductless
25
peroxisomses
fatty acid oxidation
26
what do the lgiht reactions make
atp and nadph
27
what does rapid ferizliation signifyc?
ca2+ release
28
prometaphase
microtubules attach to chomosones
29
drawins quqnitn leap said
descent with modificaion
30
the mitotic spindle is conmposed of ____
microtubules
31
multipotent
can give rise to cells with particular functions
32
cohesion
high resistance of water maolecules to separted provided by hydogen bonding lattice
33
sex/f pilus
long tubular structure on the cell surface that allows an f+ cell to attach a f- recepient
34
blastomeres
cells craeted from cleavage
35
glands
cell or group of cells that produces and releases substances nearby
36
prezygotic isolation mechanicsm
live in diff habitits, mate at diff times, signals used by or on species are not regocnized by another, differences in reproducive organs, incompability between sperm of two speices
37
cartenoids
yellow orange pigments that absorb light
38
lytic cycle
host cell is kille din each cycle of infection
39
photoautoprosp
autotrophs that perform photsynethes
40
bonds in carbs
glycosidc
41
ahedsion
molecules stick to walls of tubes by forming hydrogen bods
42
systematic homeostatic controls
initaitied outsdie an organ or organ system
43
during gastrolation
3 main tissues layers form
44
degeneracy
multiple codons for the same amino acids
45
what does er do
starting site for protein synthesis, quality control, vesicles bud off and carry cargo to golgi, ca2+ storage
46
ligand gated ion channels
open or close in response of binding a ligand; transmembere channel, intracellular electrical signal, ,
47
transcription vs translation
transcription is when the informanced encoded in dna is made into a complementaryrna copy and translation if the use of inform in rna to make a polypeptide
48
endocrine glands
suspended in connective tissue underlying the epithelium with no ducts
49
acidic amino acid has?
oxygens
50
epithelial tissue
sheet like layers of cells that are usually connected by tight junctions with little ecm material between them
51
nonpolar amino acids have
-ch2, ch3
52
chromosome theory of inherticane
genes and their alleles are carried on the chromosomes
53
splicesome
location where splicing takes place
54
polygenic inheritanve
one characteristic is the controleed by 2 or more genes
55
polar amino acids have
oxygens
56
differetianl fate of the first two cells is due to
materinal factors
57
operator
short segment to which a regulartory protein binds
58
nuclues
contians dna packaged as chromatin, site of rna and dna synthesis, site of ribosome assembly, nucleur envoleope double bilipid layer
59
electron trasnport chain
34 atp
60
replica plating
bacterial colonies grown on a plate with a complete medium
61
which receptor is associated with growh factor
tyrosine kinase
62
founder effect
change in allele frequences because small group goes to new area and only their alleles are passed on
63
epiletical tissues are descibed as
stratifed
64
topiomerase
regulates the unwinding
65
cell layers of embryo
ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm
66
trsction factors bind to dna at
promoters and enchangers
67
what does glycolysis yield
2 molecules of pyruvic acid and 2 molecules of atp , 1 water, 2 nadh + 2 electrons
68
photorespiraton
process from oxygenase reaction of rubisco to the release of co2
69
what is polarity (in a yolk egg)
unequal distribution
70
phospholipid bilayer
phosphate, glycerol, fatty acid..r group?
71
new mutuations in allele frequesnces are often recognzed as
dominant dieseases
72
ribosome proteins are syntheises in
the free ribosomes in the cytosol
73
agarose gel electrophoresis
separates dna, rna, and protein molecules based off size
74
sex influenced trait
when only males get a disesae even though females have the same genotype
75
things that make proteins unfold
high temp, change in ph , high salt
76
dna pakagin is promoted by ____ proteins that packages dna into ____
hitone, nucleosomes
77
small changes ina llel freq
microevolution
78
glycosidic bonds
bond between the number 1 an dnumber 4 arbon on a glucose unit; links monosaccarides
79
glycerol
sugar acohol, carb
80
conformers
internal environments that match the external environment
81
exocrine glands
remain connected to the epithelium by a duct which empies at the epithelial surface
82
principle of independent assortment
alleles of genes that govern different characerists are assorted independently
83
heterozygous advantage
heterozygtes for a particular locus have higher relative fitness thaneither homozygote
84
poly a tail
added at the end of rna transcription, protects from degradataion
85
reactants of cell resp
oxygena nd glucose
86
acetylinat and methylatino of histones account for
epigentic expression of genes from mother or father
87
phylogenic speices conecpt
the concept of a species as an irredcibel group whose members are descended from a common ancestor and who all posses a combination of certain defining, or derived traits
88
frequencey depndt selection
rare phenotype will increase in frequencey because it has a higher relative fitness until it becomes so common it loses its advantage
89
lysons have _ ph and
low
90
induction
one group of cells causes another nearby group to follow a particular developmetn
91
ribosomes
ribonulceoprotein participes taht carry out protein synthesi by translating mrna into chains of amino acids
- read codon and attaches proper amino acids
92
____ directly or indirect amplify a signal received
second messagerss
93
chaperone proteins
asist folding
94
peroxisome
breakdown of long fatty acids through bet oxidation
95
bonds in lipids
fatty acyl, diglycerids
96
orthogenesis
progressive; goal oritented evolution
97
macroevolution
larger scale evolutionary changes observed in speces and more inclusive groups; gradual accumulation of microevolutionary traits
98
anchoring junction
proteins extend through membrane
99
atp is made of
phosphate groups, ribose, adenine
100
biological species concept
if two populations interbreed and produce fertile offspring under natural condidiotns then they belong to the same speices
101
____lines the cell membrane
actin...microfilaments
102
a karyotype is most likely to show
the presence of polysomy
103
crossing over occurs during _____
meisosis 1
104
where is the electron transport chain in mitocondria?
inner membrance
105
genotype
genetic makeup of cell whcih determinds a speciic characteristic (phenotype) of that cell
106
kinase
adds a phosphate group
107
coactivator
large multiprotein complex that forms a bridge between the activators at the enchancer and the proteins at the promoter causeing dna tof form a loop
108
movement of sister chromatids occurs during
anaphase
109
fatty acid
-ch chain
110
genetic imprinting
certain genes are only expressed if they came from a certain parent. if a gene is imprinted , it is silenced
111
molecular phylogenics
using dna or amino acid sequence comparisons to determine evolutionary relationships among organmism
112
hormone
molecule produced by one tissue and transported via the bloodstream to a target tissue
113
startin with 2ng of dna, four cycles of pcr would yield __ of dna
32, 2^4
114
kinase
catalyzes the transfer of phosphate from high energy phosohate donating molecules
115
during transcription the ____ strand is the template for rna synthesis and is ____ to the nwly synthesiszed rna
antisense, completeatry
116
biological species concert can be identified based on their
abilyt to produce offsring
117
selective cell adhestions
cells make and break specific connections to other cells
118
nondisjunction
failure of homologues chromosonses to separete properly during cell divison
119
three sets that extract energy in the form of atp nadph and fadh2 are
glycolsis, pyriuviate, krebs cycle
120
helicase
unwinds the dna
121
things that make proteins misfold
mutation, absence of cofact, covalent modifcations
122
steroid hormone receptors
found in the nucleus,cytosol, and also the plasma membrane, they are generally intracellular and initatie signal transduction
123
kinks in the fatty acid chain arise from
cis saturated fatty acids
124
chemiosimoss
movment of ions across a membrane,down tehir electrochemical gradient; it relates to the gneration of atp by the movemnet of h+ ions across a membrane
125
sturctures near the head are
anterior
126
metaphase
alignment
127
basal surface
inner surface that adheres to a layer of ecm secreted by epithelial cells called the basal lamina
128
cell respiration steps
glycolys, pyruvate ox, citric acid, phosphorylation
129
capsid
dna or rna genome surrounded by protein coat
130
integrator
control center that receives inform from the sensor and compares it to a set point
131
transduction(virus)
dna is trnsfrered to recepient bacterial cells by an infecting phase
132
what is sem microscope
electrons bounce off surface..looks like x ray
133
isomerizaition
one molecule is transformed into another molecule which has exactly the same atoms
134
telomere
region of nucleotide sequences which protects the end of a chromosome from deterioration or from fusion with neighboring chromosomes
135
where is the electron transport chain in chloroplasts?
thykaloid memrance
136
pleitrophy
when one gene influences two or more seeminly unrelated traits
137
oxalocaetate
molecule at the end and begining of the ctric acid cycle
138
specialized transduction
incorporate fragments of the bacterial genome as they make the transition from lysogenic cycel to the lytic cycel
139
polysomy
condition in which an organism has one more chromosome than normal
140
species can be distinguies by their
body structures
141
pluripotent
can give rise to most adult cells
142
comapritive genomics
comparison of entire genomes to understand evolutionary relationships and the basic biological similatrites and differences among species
143
alternative splicing
resutls in the production of different peptides
144
kinetechore
protein structure that forms on chromatid during cell division and allows it to attach to spindle fiber
145
f factor
plasmid in a donor bacterial cell that confers upon the cell the ability to conjugate with a recepient bacterial cell
146
parts of an amino acid
r group, carboxyl, amino group, hydrogen
147
lactate fermentation
convererts pyurave into lactacte
148
microevolution
small scale genetic changes that populations undergon; often responses to environmental circumstances
149
sporophytes
organisms where fertilizatoin produces the diploid generation
150
strict aerobics
require oxygen
151
what has a double lipid membrace
nucleus, mitocondria
152
alcoholic femrentaiton
pyruvate is coverted into ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide
153
what is an important second messenger in the post ferilizatoion period
ca2+ ions
154
what biological molecules is the lipid bilayer primarly composed of
proteins and lipids
155
what is denaturation
unfolded proteins
156
what is cilia and flagella made of?
microtubules
157
translation intitiaton begins with assocation of
mrna and small ribosomoanl unit
158
codominance
both traits exist in daughter
159
horizontal gene transfer
movement of genetic mateiral between organism other than by descent
160
gap junction
connect the cytoplasm of two cells
161
g protein coupled receptors
7 transmembrane helices,
162
complex virus
having a tail attached at one side of a polyhedral ehead
163
dna polymeriaze iii
extends primer by adding dna nucleotides
164
reverese transcriptase
generates complementary dna from an rna template
165
start codon
aug
166
diff between enchancer and promoter
distance from tata box
167
a gene is
oen gene ecnodes at leaset one rna
168
complete medium
same as minimum except has amino acids tand other chemicals that strains can nomrally make for themelves
169
dna methylation
represses gene trascription
170
microfilamments are used for
disambely, integryi to plasma membrance, cell crawling,a nd phagocytosis
171
hypertonic solution
solute is less outsdie because all the water went inside the cell to dilute it
172
what is the role of nadh
contributes electrons to the electron transport chain as it is oxidiezed
173
qualitative variation
exist in two or more discrete states; intermediate forms are often absent
174
what does the cirtric acid cycle yield
2 atp, 8 nadh with electrons, 2 fadh and 6 carbon dioxide
175
acetylation
promosees loose chromaticn struction, permits trasncription
176
cytokinessis is a result of contraction of which filmament or microtubule?
microfilaments
177
quantitative trait
a character that displays a continuous distriution of the phenotype involved
178
local homeostatic controls
initiatited outside of an organ or organ system to control that organ's or organ systems actvity
179
peptide bond are formed between what
amino acid and carboxyl group
180
____ of chlorophyl aborb energy in the visible light range
conjugated double bond systems
181
dihybrid cross
shows 2 diff traits
182
rna polymerase binds at
promoter
183
dna microaccarrays
tiny grid that contains thousands of pieces of dna to compare a sample
184
what requires faciliated diffiused?
polar molecule like glucose
185
dna microarrarys are used for
nucleotide sequencing ni dna
186
conjugation
a copy of part of the dna of one cell that moves through the cytoplasmic bridge of the other cell
187
stop codons
uaa, uag, uga
188
functional genomics
study of the functions of genes and other parts of the genome
189
motifs
highly specialiszed regions produced by 3d arrangement of amino acid chains
190
where are barr bodies found
in female somatic cells only
191
glycolysis
enzymes break a molecule of glucose into two pyruvate molecules
192
corepressor
multiprotein complex simlar to coactivtors but inhibit transcription initaiton
193
anabolism
construct moleduces from smaller unites, requesires atp
194
three sides of polypetide forming
e, p , a sites
195
mendels law of segregation
the two allelaes segregation from each other in the formation of gametes
196
photosystem two
creates atp
197
generalized trnasfudction
host dna may e included in the heads as the viral particles assemble providing the basis for trasduction of bacterial genes during th enext cycle of infection
198
autotrophs
organisms that make s all of their own organic molecules
199
loose connective tissue
fomred of sparsely distributed cells surrounded by a more or less open network of cologne and other glycoprotein fibers
200
glycerol
c-oh
201
directoinal selection
shifts a trait away from the existing me and towared a favored extreme because they have a higher relative fitness
202
mitocondrria
site of atp synthesis, double lipid bilayer, contains dna and ribosome, proteins enter by insertino though pores
203
basic amino acid has
nitrogens
204
where are photosystem i and ii
thykaloid membrane
205
domains
large structural subdivisions folding of the amino acid chain
206
cdks
family of protein kinases regulate the cell cycle, do mrna processing, and differentation of nerve cells
207
phospholid maintins its fluidy due to
kinks caused by unsatured fatty acids
208
how do light reactions hardness energy from the sun
molecules in the photosystesm absorb radiation and their elections are excited to higher energy levels
209
where is the electron transfort hcain found in chloroplasts
thylakoid membrane
210
tralsantin termination ofccurs whenthe
a site, release factor
211
enchancer
region at a significatn distance from the beginning of a gene containeing regualry sequeces that determine where the gene is transcribed at its maximum possible rate
212
chiasma
a point at which paired chromosomes remain in contact during the first metaphase of meiosis, and at which crossing over and exchange of genetic material occur between the strands
213
aneuploid
abornmal number of chromosones
214
promoter
region of dna that initatates the transcription of a gene
215
enantiometers
mirror images of each other that cannot be superimposed on each other
216
what is atp made of
nitrogenous base adenine, sugar, and 3 phophates
217
anticodone of trna for the codon 5' acg 3'?
3' ugc 5'
218
ligasse
joins dna together
219
a is paired with
t
220
dna polymerase i
removes the rna primer at the 5' end by replacing the rna nulceotide one by one with dna nulceotides
221
temperate bacteriophages
may enter an inactive phase in which the host cell replicates and passes on the bacteriphage dna for generatesoins before the phasge beomces active and kills the host
222
agarose gell relies on
differenct charges and fidderent masse
223
homoologus structures refer to
sturcutres of siilar form and psotion in apapretnly unlreated places
224
balanced polymorphism
two or more phenotypes are maintinated in fairly stable proportions over many generations
225
difference between endocytosis and phagocytosis
phagocytos engulfs larger items; endocytosis involves taking up fluid
226
translation occurs when the _ site is occupied by a ____
a , release factor
227
starch
a lot of glucoses
228
what is tem microscope
shoots beams through tissue
229
spores
haploid, genetically different reporocetiven cells
230
fibronectin
aids in the attachment of cells to the ecm and helps hold the cells in position
231
what is a primer made of?
rna
232
what happens to oxygen in cellular respiration
it is converted to water
233
general transcription factors
bind to the pomoter in the area of the tata box to initatioe transcription
234
synaptonemal complex
protein structure that forms between homologoues chromosomes during meisosi and is thought to mediate chromosome pairing, recombination
235
southern blot analysis
restriction enzyme used to break down dna and then electrophoresis segarates the fragments, ; transferred to filter paper and probe used to dientify particular sequence
236
epistatis
one gene is dependent on another gene;epistatic mutations habe different effects in comination
237
t even bacterophages
coat divided into a head and tail
238
prioons
only knon infectious agents that do not include a nucleic acid
239
g is paired with
c
240
sympatric
cant breed
241
homologous traits
characteristics that are similar in two speces because they inhertied the same genetic basis of the trait from the same ancestor
242
set of allels at all generitic loic is known as
gene pool
243
epigentc
change in phenotype without a change in genotype
244
transcription initiation complex
combination of general transcription factors with rna polymerase ii
245
microtubules made of?
tubulin
246
antenna complex
light is abosred and turned into many chlorophyl pigmens and an umber of cartenoid pigments
247
proteases
enzymes that catalyze peptide bonds
248
stages of cell signaling
reception, transduction, response
249
modern synthesis
unifed theory of evolution
250
polyadenylation signal
sequence near 3' that specifies where the transcription should be cleaved in the pre mrna transcript of a gene
251
movemnt of sister chromatics to opposite poles of the cells occur during
anaphase
252
promoter proximal region
adjacent to the promoter and contains regulary sequences called promoter proximal elements
253
fluorensce
dye is introduced and absorbs energies at diff wavelengths
254
elastin
rubbery protein that adds elesatics to the ecm
255
polypelitdety
extra copies of compelte genomes
256
lysogenic cycle
viral dna inserts into the host cell dna and production of new viral particles is delayed
257
restriction endonuclears that product ____ are most using for clonign
sticky ends
258
barr bodies
inactive chromosome in the feamle somatic cell
259
quantitive variation
individuals differ in small incremental ways
260
rubp carboxylaces (rubisco)
enzyme that catalyzes the fixation of c02 into an organic molecule
261
what is the innermost space in a mitochondrial cell
matrix
262
centromere
area of dna at the constriction of a chromosome
263
determination
developmental fate of a cell is set
264
phosphatase
removes a phosphate group from its substrate
265
missense mutation
sense codon is changed toa different sense codon that specifies a different amino acid
266
fermentation
electrons carried by nadph are transfrered to an organic acceptor molecure rather thanthe electon transfer system
267
basic amino aicds have
nitrogens
268
synaptomenta complex does?
allows crossing over to occcur
269
what is a nucleotide made of?
sugar, phosphare, nigrogenous base
270
when is the best phase for a karyotype
during metaphase of mitosis
271
nonsense mutation
sense codon is changed to a stop codon
272
regulators
maintain factors of internal environment in a relatively constant staet
273
what happens in s phase
synthesis of dna
274
loss carb diet makes people lose weight . why?
loss of glycgen from liver cells
275
lac operaton
when lactos is present, repressor doesnt bind, dna transction occurs
276
conditions that favor change are likely to include
natural selection
277
open reading frames
start codon separated by a multiple of three nucleotides from one of the stop codons
278
primase
involved in the replication of dna... catalyzes rna synthesis rna primers.. these primers serve as the starting point for dna synthesis
279
catabolism
breaks down molectules
280
enchancer
short region of dna that can be bound by activators to activate transcription of a gene
281
produts of cell resp
water, carbon, atp
282
if hydrogen loses atoms or gains them it can be called
proton or hydride
283
secondary struction
alpha helix and beta pleated sheet
284
in cellular respir, the electron transport chain ____ as the final step in haranassing energy from biofuels
reduces oxygen
285
bacteriophages
virus that infects bacteria
286
allele
variant form of a gene, humans have two alleles at each genetic locus
287
strict anaerobes
organisms that only use fermetnation to produce atp
288
oxidtivative phosphorylation
using enzyme to oxidize nutries, which releases energy to reform atp, happens in cellular respiration
289
kingdom fungi
unicelluar and mlticellar that mostly live as decomen=psoters, no photsytnes
290
where does atp synthesis occur
mitorcondria
291
repressor
when active, prevents the operator genes from being expressed
292
proteome
complete set of proteins in a particular cell type under set condiciotns
293
f+
donor cells in nojucation because they contain the f factor
294
what processes occur in plant cell
respiration and phosotynehsys
295
the wobbly hyptohess says
more than one codon can lead to the inocortin of one amino acid
296
what is transported through a membrance t through a channel protein and proceeds down a conc gradient
water
297
saturated enzyme
the rate of reaction is the max rate
298
photosynthesis occurs in some plant cells, while cellular respiratioon occurs in all ___ cells
eukaryotic
299
_____ allows ions and small molecules to pass from one cell to another
gap junctions
300
intermediate filaments made of?
keratin
301
hardy weinberg principle
```
no mutations
population is closed to migration
population is infinte
all genotypes survie and reproduce qually
indiviualls mate randomly
```
302
incompletely dominance
white + red = pink
303
disruptive selection
extreme phenotypes have higher relative fitness than intermediate phenotypes
304
prophase
dna condenses, nuclear envelope breaks down
305
tata box
dna sequeucnes that states where a sequence can be read and encoded; type of promoter sequence
306
hydrogen bonding is not useful in
ester linkages in fats
307
prophage
the integrated viral dna
308
trna
decodes mrna onto a protein
309
substrate level phosphyration
atp is formed by the direct transfer of p03 group to adp from a phosphoryatied reactive intermedaite
310
symport
same direction
311
sexual dimorphism
differences in size of appearsece of males and females
312
postzygotic isolation mechancims
hybrid inviabilty- the organsms die early, hybrid serility- cannot reproduce, hybrid breakdown, future gnerations cannt reproduce
313
morula
solid ball or layer of blstomers
314
kington plante
multicellular organism tath carry out photsytnests
315
smooth er
lipid manufcture, and metabolism and steroid an dhormone production
316
anapahase
seaparte
317
semiconsiervatinv model of nda says
oen strande is preserved in each daughter cell
318
steroid
type of lipid derived from cholesterol
319
morphological species concept
idea that all individuals of a species share measurable traits that distinguis them from dinidivuals of other species
320
gc has _hydorgen bonds
3
321
microrna
capable of blocking translation of another rna transcript
322
sexual selection
males' competition for access to females and by females' choice of mates
323
retrovirus
eveloped virus with an rna genome that replicates via a dna intermediate
324
mitotic spindle originates from the
centrioles
325
transcription factors
protein that binds to specific dna seuqences, controlling the rate of transcription
326
hypermethylation of dna correcatins with regions of the genone that are
transpctipanlly inacctive
327
paracrine signaling
signalign in earby cells
328
when two loci are very close on a chromosone, there is a high probably that the allels will be ___
inhertied together
329
pyruvative oxidation
pyruvate converted into two carbon acetyl groups
330
what bond forms between monosasacrides
glycosidic
331
dna marker
gene or dna sequence with a known location that can be used to identify individuals or speices
332
key rate limited enzyme in glycoliss
phosphofructkinase
333
transformaiotn(virus)
bacteria take up pieces of dna that are released as other cells disintegrate
334
epithetlicial cells
filtration, absorption, transport
335
the electron trnaspot cahin is responsible for ____
transport of protons across a membrance
336
what structure gives carbs to proteins
golgi
337
purines
adenine and guanine
338
tight junction
waterproof seal
339
blastula
blosmeters encloe a fluid cavity called the blastocoel
340
polymerase
synthesis long chains of nucleic acids
341
ester
derived from carbohylix....theyre an alcohol
342
photosystem one
creates nadph
343
proteins
composed of amino acids
344
provirus
inserted viral dna
345
tyrosine kinase recepotrs
contains polypeptide tyrosine....kinase will transfer phosphate groups, gets energy from atp, can have more than 1 cellular resposne
346
what comes out of centrioles
microtubulues
347
the oxygen made in photosynthesis is obtained from
water
348
extracellular fluid
meets need of organism based off outsdie environment
349
autocrine signlaing
signaling in that same cell
350
polymorphissm
existence of discrete varations of character
351
mutase
enzyme that catalyzes the shift of a functional group from one position to another within the same molecule
352
what are the tissue layers formed at gastrulation?
octoderm, mesoderm, endoderm
353
systematin study of the passage of alelle was made by these peole
hardy and weinberg
354
master switch genes ecnode
transcritpino factosr
355
antiport
diff directions
356
developmental stages
zygote, blasticul, gastrula adult
357
initaiton of dna begins at ___
tata boxes
358
stabilitizng selection
when individuals expressing intermediate phenotypes have the highest relative fitnes
359
organogenesis
developemnt of major organ systems
360
frameshift mutation
single base pair delection or insertion that alters reading frame
361
citric acid acid cycle
acetyl group is oxidezed into carbon dioxed
362
where does translation occur
in ribosomes
363
desmosome
achroign junction
364
viroids
plant pathogens that consist soley of single stranded circular rna without a protein coat
365
the wegedge shaped rea of a fertilzed egg is the
gray crescent
366
lipid
hydrocarbon chain
367
f-
recepient cells which lack the f factor
368
citric acid cycle takes place in the ____
mitochondrial matrix
369
effector
system that is activated by the integrator to bring the condition under control back to the set point
370
totipotent
cell capable of produciving all types of cells of the adult
371
centromere
part of the chromosome that links sister chomratids
372
chlorophyls
green pigments that absorb light
373
co2 fixation
electrons are added to co2
374
virion
complete viral particle
375
the elongation of transcription is done by
rna polymerase
376
collagen
fibrous glyoprotein, rich in carb, embedded in a network of proteoglycans
377
silent mutation
sense codon is changed but the new codon still specifies the same amino acid
378
membrane proteins that mediate active and passive trasnport are geneally called ____ porteins
channel
379
r plasmids
contains genes that provide resistance to unfavorable conditions
380
cytokines
breaks aapart
381
choloroplasts
similar to mitocondria
382
a group of ribososm translationsing a single mrna is a
polyribosome
383
peptidyl transerase
catalyzes the formation of the peptide bond between the c termindal end of a polypetide on the p side and the amino acid on the a site trna
