Chapter 5 Flashcards Preview

Biology and Biotechnology > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Flashcards in Chapter 5 Deck (38)
Loading flashcards...
1
Q

cell theory

A

all organisms are composed of cells
cell is basic structural and fundamental unit of all living organisms
cells arise only from the division of preexisting cells

2
Q

resolution

A

minimum distance two points in the spectrum can be separated and still be seen as two points

3
Q

plasma membrane

A

bilayer made of lipids with imbedded protein molecules

4
Q

cytoplasm

A

all the parts of the cell between the plasma membrane and the central region

5
Q

organelles

A

small organized structures important for cell function

6
Q

cytosol

A

aqueous solution containing ions and various organic molecules

7
Q

cytoskeleton

A

protein based framework of filamentous structures that help maintain proper cell shape and plays a key role in cell division

8
Q

prokarytoes

A

dna is not separated from rest of cell

9
Q

nucleoid

A

dna containing region for prokaryotes

10
Q

eukaryotes

A

dna is separate from rest of cell

11
Q

nucleus

A

dna containing region for eukaryotes

12
Q

prokaryotic chromosome

A

single circular molecule that unfolds when released from the cell

13
Q

prokaryotic cells

A

o Prokaryotic chromosome- single circular molecule that unfolds when released from the cell
o Ribosomes- small spherical particles in the cytoplasm that use info in mRNA to assemble amino acids into proteins
o Cell Wall- rigid external layer of material
o Glycocalyx- layer of polysaccharides that coat cell wall
 Slime Layer- when loosely associated with the cells
 Capsule- more firmly attached to cells
o Flagella- long thread-like protein fibers that move cell
o Bacterial flagella- helically shaped that rotate to move cell
o Pili- hair like shafts of protein

14
Q

nuclear envelope

A

two membranes that separate the cytoplasm from the nucleus; reinformed by lamins

15
Q

nuclear pore complex

A

large cylindrical structure formed of many proteins(nucleoporins) that exchange components between nucleus and cytoplasm

16
Q

nuclear location signal

A

short amino acid sequence that distinguishes between proteins that need to be imported into the nucleus from those in the cytoplasm

17
Q

nucleoplasm

A

liquid substance within nucleus

18
Q

chromatin

A

combination of dna and proteins

19
Q

nucleoli

A

irregular masses of small fibers and granules where rRNA genes become rRNA molecules

20
Q

vesicles

A

small membrane bound compartments that transfer substances between parts of the system

21
Q

endoplasmic reticulum

A

interconnected network of membrane channels and vesicles called cisternae

22
Q

er lumen

A

enclosed space in endoplasmic reticulum

23
Q

rough er

A

has ribosomes on outsides; proteins are folded into final form

24
Q

smooth er

A

no ribosomes; synthesis of lipids that become part of cell membrane

25
Q

golgi complex

A

stacks of flattened membraneous sacs known as cisternae
no ribosomes
cis-where proteins are modified
trans-sorted into veiscles that bud off
regulates movement of proteins
secretory vesicles- transport proteins to plasma membrane
exocytosis-when the vesicles release the proteins
endocytic vesicle-carry susbtances from plasma membrane to rest of cell

26
Q

lysosomes

A

small membrane bound vesicles that are for the digestion of complex molecules
only in animals
formed by budding form golgi complex
enzymes made in rough er
acidic
phagocytosis-process where some cells enfulf bacteria or other debris to break them down

27
Q

mitochondria

A

where cellular respiration occurs
require oxygen
outer mitochondrial membrane-smooth and covers the outside of the organelle
inner mitochondrial membrane- expanded by folds called cristae
mitochondrial matrix-innermost compartment of mitochondria
atp generating reaction occur in cristae and matrix

28
Q

microbodies

A

small organelles found in various form in all eukarytoic cells
proteins and phosphoiipids are constantly transported into them
contain enzymes that conduct intermediate reactions linking major pathways
peroxisomes- microbodies that produce hydrogen peroxide
in plants convert oils or fats to sugars

29
Q

cytoskeleton-microtubules

A
  • Alpha tubulin and beta tubulin noncovalently bonded together
  • Change length to fit function
  • Cell center/centrosome- site near nucleus where microtubules radiate from
  • Centrioles- short, barrel shaped structure at midpoint
  • Provide anchor for some organelles and tracts for some vesicles
30
Q

cytoskeleton-intermediate filaments

A

only found in multicellular organisms

provide strucutral support

31
Q

cytoskeleton-microfilaments

A

structural and locomotor functions

actively flowing motion of cytoplasm

32
Q

flagella

A

basal body-structure that anchors flagella and cilia to surface of cell
three types

33
Q

plant cells-chloroplasts

A

 Collectively known as plastids
 Amyloplasts- colorless plastids that store starch
 Chromoplasts- responsible for colors of ripening fruits and autumn leaves
 Have an outer and inner boundary membrane
 Grana- thylakoids stacked on top of each other
 Stoma- inner compartment

34
Q

plant cells-central vaculoues

A

pressure from it supports the cell
tonoplast-membrane that surrounds central vacuole
produce color of flowers

35
Q

plant cells-cell walls

A

support and mantain pressure in cell
primary cell wall-soft and flexible
secondary cell wall-more rigid and thicker;reiforced with lingin
middle lamella-gel like polysaccarides that hold adjacent cells together
plasmodesmata-minute channels between two walls

36
Q

animal cells-cell adhesion

A

bind cells together; helps maintain body form and structure; bind to specific molecules on other cells
connections are eventually made permanent by cell junction

37
Q

animal cells-cell junctions

A

seals spaces between cells and provides communication between them
anchoring junctions-weld adjacent cells together
desosomes-intermediate filaments anchor the junction in the underlying cytoplasm
adherens junctions-uses microfilaments
 Tight junctions- regions of tight connections
• Formed by direct fusion of proteins on outer surfaces of membranes of adjacent cells
 Gap junctions- open direct channels to allow ions and small molecules to pass from one cell to another

38
Q

extracellular matrix

A

provides cells and provides mechanical linkage