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Kaplan: Anatomy and Physiology Part II > Chapter 3: Abdomen, Pelvis, and Perineum (continued) > Flashcards

Chapter 3: Abdomen, Pelvis, and Perineum (continued) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the processus vaginalis?

A

evagination of the parietal peritoneum and the peritoneal cavity that extends into the inguinal canal

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2
Q

What is the tunica vaginalis?

A

portion of the processus vaginalis that remains patent in the scrotum and surround the testis

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3
Q

What is congenital indirect inguinal hernia often caused by?

A

persistent processus vaginalis

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4
Q

What is hydrocele?

A

a collection of serous fluid in the tunica vaginalis resulting in an enlarged scrotum

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5
Q

Does a hydrocele reduce in size when a person is lying down?

A

no

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6
Q

Direct hernias are found medial or lateral to the inferior epigastric vessels?

A

medial to

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7
Q

Indirect hernias occur medial or lateral to the inferior epigastric vessels?

A

lateral to

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8
Q

In relation of the inguinal ligament, where do inguinal hernias occur?

A

superior to the inguinal ligament

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9
Q

How do indirect inguinal hernias occur?

A

result when abdominal contents protrude through the deep inguinal ring lateral to the inferior epigastric vessels

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10
Q

In relation to the spermatic cord, where are indirect hernias found?

A

within the spermatic cord

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11
Q

Direct inguinal hernias result when what happens?

A

when the abdominal contents protrude through the weak area of hte posterior wall of the inguinal canal medal to the inferior epigastric vessels.

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12
Q

Which hernia, direct or indirect, usually passes through the inguinal (Hesselbach’s) triangle?

A

direct hernias

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13
Q

What is the lateral border of the inguinal (Hesselbach’s) triangle?

A

inferior epigastric vessels

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14
Q

What is the medial border of the inguinal (Hesselbach’s) triangle?

A

rectus abdominis muscle

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15
Q

What is the inferior border the the inguinal Hesselbach’s triangle?

A

inguinal ligament

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16
Q

Do femoral hernias pass above or below the inguinal ligament?

A

below it

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17
Q

What structures does the femoral sheath contain?

A

femoral artery, vein, canal

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18
Q

What is the nerve that provides parasympathetic innervation to the foregut?

A

vagus nerves

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19
Q

What is the nerve that provides parasympathetic innervation to the midgut?

A

vagus nerve

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20
Q

What is the nerve that provides parasympathetic innervation to the hindgut?

A

pelvic splanchnic nerve

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21
Q

What preganglionic branch of the sympathetic nervous system provides innervation to the foregut?

A

Preganglionics: thoracic splanchinic nerves (T5-T10)

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22
Q

What preganglionic branch of the sympathetic nervous system provides innervation to the midgut?

A

Preganglionics: thoracic splanchnic nerves (T9-T12)

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23
Q

What preganglionic branch of the sympathetic nervous system provides innervation to the hindgut?

A

Preganglionics: lumbar splanchnic nerves (L1-L2)

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24
Q

What postganglionic cell bodies provide sympathetic innervation to the foregut?

A

Postganglionic cell bodies: celiac ganglion

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25
Q

What postganglionic cell bodies provide sympathetic innervation to the midgut?

A

Postganglionic cell bodies: superior mesenteric ganglion

26
Q

What postganglionic cell bodies provide sympathetic innervation to the hindgut?

A

Postganglionic cell bodies: inferior mesenteric ganglion

27
Q

Where is referred pain of foregut felt?

A

epigastrium

28
Q

Where is referred pain of structures in the midgut felt?

A

umbilical region

29
Q

Where is referred pain of structures in the hindgut felt?

A

in the hypogastrium

30
Q

What are some foregut derivatives?

A

esophagus
stomach
duodenum (first and second parts)
liver
pancreas
biliary apparatus
gallbladder

31
Q

What are some midgut derivatives?

A

duodenum (second, third, and fourth parts)
jejunum
ileum
cecum
appendix
ascending colon
transverse colon (proximal two-thirds)

32
Q

What are some hindgut derivatives of the gut tube?

A

transverse colon (distal third-splenic flexure)
descending colon
sigmoid colon
rectum
anal canal (above pectinate line)

33
Q

Which parts of the body develop from an endodermal outgrowth of the foregut?

A

lower respiratory tract, liver, biliary system and pancreas.

34
Q

The liver develops in the dorsal or ventral mesentery?

A

ventral embryonic mesentery

35
Q

The spleen develops in which embryonic mesentery? Dorsal or ventral?

A

dorsal embryonic mesentery

36
Q

The ventral embryonic mesentery will contribute to which structures that attach to the liver?

A

lesser omentum and the falciform ligament

37
Q

The dorsal embryonic mesentery will contribute to which structures that attach to the spleen or greater curvature of the stomach?

A

greater omentum and the gastro-splenic and splenorenal ligaments

38
Q

Peritonitis

A

inflammation of the parietal peritoneum

39
Q

What is the only communication between the greater and lesser sacs?

A

the epiploic foramen (of Winslow)

40
Q

Describe intraperitoneal organs.

A

are suspended by a mesentery and are almost completely enclosed in visceral peritoneum

41
Q

What are retroperitoneal organs?

A

partially covered on one side with parietal peritoneum

42
Q

What does it mean to say an organ is a secondarily retroperitoneal organ?

A

Organs that were originally suspended by mesentery

43
Q

What are some major intraperitoneal organs (suspended by mesentery)?

A

stomach
liver and gallbladder
spleen
duodenum, 1st part
tail of pancreas
jejunum
ileum
appendix
transverse colon
sigmoid colon

44
Q

What are some major secondary retroperitoneal organs (lost a mesentery during development)?

A

duodenum, 2nd and 3rd parts
head, neck, and body of pancreas
ascending colon
descending colon
upper rectum

45
Q

What are the major primary retroperitoneal organs?

A

kidneys
adrenal glands
ureters
aorta
inferior vena cava
lower rectum
anal canal

46
Q

Other name for omental bursa?

A

lesser sac (lesser omentum)

47
Q

Another name for the greater peritoneal sac?

A

greater omentum

48
Q

What forms the anterior portion of the epiploic foramen?

A

hepatoduodenal ligament and the hepatic portal vein

49
Q

What forms the posterior portion of the epiploic foramen?

A

the inferior vena cava

50
Q

What forms the superior portion of the epiploic foramen?

A

caudate lobe of the liver

51
Q

What forms the inferior portion of the epiploic foramen?

A

first part of the duodenum

52
Q

What forms the inferior part of the epiploic foramen?

A

first part of the duodenum

53
Q

What is the falciform ligament?

A

The part of the ventral embryonic mesentery between the liver and ventral body wall

54
Q

The dorsal pancreatic bud forms what parts of the pancreas?

A

the neck, body, and tail of the pancreas

55
Q

The ventral pancreatic bud forms what part of the pancreas?

A

the head and uncinate process

56
Q

What is annular pancreas?

A

caused by a defect in the rotation and fusion of the ventral and dorsal buds of the pancreas

57
Q

Gastrosplenic ligament?

A

embryonic mesentery between the spleen and the gut

58
Q

Pathology of hypertrophic pyloric stenosis.

A

occurs when the muscularis externa hypertrophies, causing a narrow pyloric lumen

59
Q

What is a condition that hypertrophic pyloric stenosis is associated with?

A

polyhydramnios

60
Q

Symptoms of hypertrophic pyloric stenosis?

A

projectile, non bilious vomiting

61
Q

What is extrahepatic biliary atresia?

A

occurs when the lumen of the biliary ducts is occluded owing to incomplete recanilization

62
Q

General symptoms of extrahepatic biliary atresia?

A

jaundice,
white-colored stool,
dark colored urine

Kaplan: Anatomy and Physiology Part II (19 decks)

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