Chapter 3: Abdomen, Pelvis, Perineum (continued 7)

Question 1

What do Type B spermatogonia differentiate into?

Answer 1

primary spermatocytes that enter meiosis.

Question 2

Spermiogenesis

Answer 2

final stage of spermatogenesis

Process involves formation of the acrosome, elongation of nucleus, addition of flagellum etc.

Question 3

What is the acrosome?

Answer 3

structure located over the anterior half of the nucleus, derived from Golgi.

contains hyaluronidase, neuraminidase, and acid phosphatase, enzymes responsible for penetration of corona radiata

Question 4

What are Sertoli cells?

Describe their epithelium

Answer 4

tall columnar epithelial cells

Question 5

What is androgen binding protein?

Answer 5

it is secreted from sertoli cells and binds testosterone and DHT.

Question 6

Why do Sertoli cells secrete androgen binding protein?

Answer 6

because high concentrations of these hormones are essential for normal germ-cell maturation

Question 7

What is the production of androgen binding hormone stimulated by?

Answer 7

FSH follicle stimulating hormone

Question 8

Sertoli cells secrete inhibin. What is the purpose of inhibin?

Answer 8

to suppress FSH synthesis

Question 9

What is the purpose of Sertoli cells producing anti Mullerian hormone?

Answer 9

They must do so in fetal life to suppress development of female internal reproductive structures

Question 10

What is another name for Leydig cells?

Answer 10

interstitial cells/ interstitial cells of Leydig

Question 11

Where are Leydig cells located?

Answer 11

Within the interstitial tissue lying between the seminiferous tubules

Question 12

What are the structures the seminiferous tubules drain into. List the next two places it drains.

Answer 12

rete testis –>ductuli efferents

Question 13

What is the organ at which spermatozoa become motile?

Answer 13

epididymis

Question 14

What type of epithelia lines the epididymis?

Answer 14

pseudostratified columnar epithelia with stereocilia

Question 15

What is a vasectomy?

Answer 15

bilateral ligation of the vas deferens preventing movement of spermatozoa from the epididymis to the urethra

Question 16

Purpose of seminal vesicles?

Answer 16

produce a secretion that constitutes approximately 70% of human ejaculate and is rich in spermatozoa-activating substances such as fructose, citrate, PGs and several proteins

Question 17

A penile erection occurs in response to what types of stimulation? Sympathetic or parasympathetic?

Answer 17

parasympathetic

Question 18

In general how is a penile erection caused?

Answer 18

NO is released causing relaxation of the corpus cavernosum and corpus spongiosum. Which allows blood to accumulate in the trabeculae of the erectile tissue

Question 19

How does the sympathetic nervous system play a role in ejaculation?

Answer 19

mediates movement of mature spermatozoa from the epididymis and vas deferens into the ejaculatory duct

Question 20

How do the accessory glands aid in the ejaculatory process?

Answer 20

accessory glands such as the bulbourethral (Cowper) glands, prostate, and seminal vesicles secrete fluids that aid in sperm survival and fertility

Question 21

What are functions of the somatic motor efferents in aiding in ejaculation?

Answer 21

pudendal nerve innervates the bulbospongiosus and ischiocavernous muscles at the base of the penis stimulating the rapid ejection of semen out the urethra during ejaculation

Question 22

Label the diagram of the Graafian follicle.

Answer 22

Label diagram

Question 23

Primary follicles.

Answer 23

when oocyte is surrounded by 2 or more layers of cuboidal cells

Question 24

Zona pellucida

Answer 24

a thick layer of glycoprotein that is secreted (probably by both the oocyte and granulosa cells) in space between oocyte and granulosa

Question 25

What do cells of theca interna secrete?

Answer 25

cells of the theca interna synthesize androgenic steroids that diffuse into the follicle and are converted to estradiol

Question 26

When are the primary follicles considered secondary follicles?

Answer 26

When the antrum is formed

Question 27

Ovulation is stimulated by what hormonal actions?

Answer 27

mid cycle and is stimulated by a surge of LH secreted by the anterior pituitary.

Question 28

What do the granulosa cells and cells of the theca interna that form the corpus luteum end up secreting if fertilization occurs?

Answer 28

form lutein cells

granulosa lutein cells secrete progeseterone and estrogen and the theca lutein cells secrete androstenedione and progesterone

Question 29

What is the corpus albicans?

Answer 29

the structure the corpus luteum produces in the absence of pregnancy which becomes a scar of dense connnective tissue

Question 30

If pregnancy proceeds what is produced that will stimulate the corpus luteum?

Answer 30

human chorionic gonadotropin produced by the kidney

Question 31

What is the intramural segment?

Answer 31

The part of your fallopian tube that extends into the top of your uterus

Question 32

Can women with Kartagener’s syndrome have a normal tubal transport of the the ovum?

Answer 32

ciliary action is not essential for normal tubal transport of the ovum

Question 33

What is the most common location of a tubal pregnancy?

Answer 33

the ampulla

Question 34

What is endometrium?

Answer 34

the mucosa of the uterus

Question 35

What is myometrium?

Answer 35

smooth muscle layer of the uterus

Question 36

What 2 zones is the endometrium divided into?

Answer 36

functionalis
basalis

Question 37

Describe functionalis layer of the endometrium.

Answer 37

it is the part sloughed off at menstruation

Question 38

Describe the basalis layer of the endometrium.

Answer 38

the basalis is the portion retained after mensturation that subsequently proliferates and provides a new epithelium and lamina propria

Question 39

What are the 3 layers of the vagina?

Answer 39

the mucosa, muscular layer, and an adventitia

Question 40

What becomes the active milk secreting structures during lactation?

Answer 40

the alveoli

Question 41

The plasma cell population increases significantly during pregnancy and is responsible for what?

Answer 41

secretion of IgA that confers passive immunity on the newborn