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Kaplan: Anatomy and Physiology Part II > Chapter 1: Back and Autonomic Nervous System > Flashcards

Chapter 1: Back and Autonomic Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

During week 4, sclerotome cells of the somites (mesoderm) migrate medially to surround what stuctures?

A

spinal cord and notochord

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2
Q

How many cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal vertebrae are there?

A

7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, and fused 5 sacral, and 3-4 coccygeal.

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3
Q

Zygapophyseal joints are classified as what type of joints?

A

synovial joints

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4
Q

What structure of the vertebra allows for exit of the spinal nerves?

A

intervertebral foramina

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5
Q

How is each intervertebral disk numbered?

A

by the vertebral body above the disk

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6
Q

What is each intervertebral disk composed of?

A

anulus fibrosus
nucleus pulposus

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7
Q

Anulus fibrosus?

A

consists of the outer concentric rings of fibrocartilage and fibrous connective tissue

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8
Q

Nucleus pulposus?

A

an inner soft, elastic, compressible material that functions as a shock absorber for external forces placed on the vertebral column

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9
Q

Where is herniation of the nucleus pulposus common?

A

posterolateral direction

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10
Q

Anterior longitudinal ligament of the vertebral column?

A

forms a broad band of fibers that connects the anterior surfaces of the bodies of the vertebrae between the cervical and sacral regions.

prevents hyperextension of the vertebrae and is involved in “whiplash” accidents

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11
Q

Posterior longitudinal ligament of the spinal column?

A

connects the posterior surfaces of vertebral bodies and is located in the vertebral canal

limit flexion of the vertebral column

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12
Q

What does the vertebral (foramen) canal house?

A

spinal cord

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13
Q

The nucleus pulposus may herniate through what structure and lead to what?

A

herniate through the anulus fibrosus

herniated nucleus pulposus may. compress the spinal nerve roots, resulting in pain along the involved spinal nerve (sciatica)

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14
Q

What area of the spinal cord does herniation of the nucleus pulposus typically occur? (What levels)

A

lower cervical (C5/C6 or C6/C7) or lower lumbar (L4/L5 or L5/S1) parts of the vertebral column

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15
Q

Herniated disk will usually compress what spinal nerve roots? (herniated nucleus pulposus)

A

the nerve roots one number below involved disk (e.g herniation of L4 disk will compress the L5 roots)

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16
Q

What are the boundaries of the intervertebral foramina?

A

anterior: bodies of the vertebrae and intervertebral disks

posterior: zygapophyseal joint and articular processes

superior and inferior: pedicles of the vertbrae

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17
Q

Dura mater?

A

cylindrical covering of connective tissue forming a dural sac

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18
Q

Where do the dura mater and dural sac terminate in the spinal cord?

A

inferiorly at the second sacral vertebra level

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19
Q

Describe the arachnoid.

A

delicate membrane which completely lines the inner surface of the dura mater and dural sac

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20
Q

Where does arachnoid terminate in the spinal cord?

A

terminates at the second sacral vertebra

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21
Q

What is pia mater?

A

tightly attached to surface of the spinal cord and provides a delicate covering of the cord

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22
Q

Where does the spinal cord with the covering of the pia mater terminate?

A

at the L1 or L2 vertebral levels in the adult

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23
Q

What are the 2 specializations of the pia mater?

A

denticulate ligaments and filum terminale

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24
Q

What are the denticulate ligaments?

A

bilateral thickenings of pia mater that run continuously on the lateral sides of the midpoint of the cord

separate the ventral and dorsal roots of the spinal nerves and anchor to the dura mater

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25
Q

What is the filum terminale?

A

a continuation of the pia mater distal to the lower end of the spinal cord and is part of the cauda equina which is composed of ventral and dorsal roots of lumbar and sacral nerves that extend below the inferior limit of the spinal cord

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26
Q

The internal vertebral venous plexus is valveless and connects what structures?

A

veins of the pelvis, abdomen, and thorax

27
Q

What is a clinical correlation to remember related to the fact that the internal vertebral venous plexus is valveless?

A

provides a route of metastasis

28
Q

Where is the epidural space located?

A

between the inner walls of the vertebral canal and dura mater

29
Q

What does the epidural space contain?

A

fat and the internal vertebral venous plexus

30
Q

The internal vertebral venous plexus continues superiorly through the foramen magnum to connect with what veins cranial cavity?

A

dural venous sinuses

31
Q

Where is the location of the subarachnoid space?

A

pressurized space located between the arachnoid and pia mater layers

32
Q

What does subarachnoid space contain?

A

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

33
Q

Where does the subarachnoid space terminate?

A

at the second sacral vertebral level

34
Q

What is the inferior limit of the spinal cord?

A

L1 or L2 vertebrae in adults (conus medullaris)

35
Q

What is the inferior limit of the dural sac and the subarachnoid space?

A

S2 (CSF)

36
Q

Dorsal ramus supplies what area of the body?

A

skin of back and dorsal neck

deep intrinsic back muscles (Erector spinae)

37
Q

Ventral ramus supplies what area of the body?

A

skin of anterolateral trunk and limbs

sk. muscles of anterolateral trunk and limbs

38
Q

Each spinal n. is formed by the union of what 2 nerve roots?

A

dorsal root

ventral root

39
Q

What does the dorsal root carry?

A

sensory fibers from the periphery into the dorsal aspect of the spinal cord

40
Q

Dorsal root ganglion?

A

on each dorsal root there is a DRG (sensory) containing the pseudounipolar cell bodies of nerve fibers that are found in the dorsal root

41
Q

Ventral root?

A

arises from the ventral axon of spinal cord and carries axons of motor neurons

42
Q

Spinal n.

A

formed by union of ventral and dorsal roots; and exit the vertebral column by passing through the intervertebral foramen

43
Q

Dorsal rami innervate what areas of the body?

A

innervate the skin of the dorsal surface of back, neck (including zygapophyseal joints, and intrinsic sk. muscle of the deep back)

44
Q

Ventral rami?

A

innervate skin of the anterolateral trunk and limbs and the sk. muscles of the anterolateral trunk and limbs (ventral rami form the brachial and lumbosacral plexuses

45
Q

All nerves beginning with T1 and below will exit the intervertebral foramina (inferior or superior) to the pedicle of the same-numbered vertebrae?

A

inferior

46
Q

The cervical nerves C1 - C7 exit the intervertebral foramina (superior or inferior) to the pedicles of the same-numbered vertebrae?

A

superior to

C8 n exits intervertebral foramen inferior to the C7 pedicle

Answer may be inferior for all check

47
Q

What is lumbar puncture?

A

used to inject anesthetic material in the epidural space or to withdraw CSF from the subarachnoid space

48
Q

Where is a spinal tap typically performed?

A

L4-L5 interspace

49
Q

How do you find the L4 vertebra?

A

a horizontal line drawn at the top of the iliac crest marks the level of L4

50
Q

When a lumbar puncture is performed in the midline, the needle passes through what part of the vertebral column?

A

interlaminar space found between the lamina of the lumbar vertebrae

51
Q

What are the interlaminar spaces covered by?

A

highly elastic ligamenta flava

52
Q

What section of the spinal cord are the preganglionic cell bodies of the sympathetic nervous system found? Be specific.

A

lateral horn gray matter of the spinal cord segments T1 - L2 (thoracolumbar)

53
Q

Where are the postganglionic cell bodies of the sympathetic nervous system found?

A

chain or paravertebral

collateral or prevertebral or preaortic (found when traveling to abdomen or pelvis)

54
Q

Lesions at the superior cervical ganglion, middle cervical ganglion and cervicothoracic ganglion can lead to what syndrome?

A

Horner’s syndrome

55
Q

What are the CN that the parasympathetic nervous system innervates?

A

CN III, VII, IX and X

56
Q

CN III gives synapses at what ganglion?

A

ciliary ganglion

57
Q

What does the ciliary ganglion innervate?

A

pupillary sphincter
ciliary m.

58
Q

What parasympathetic innervated ganglion does CN VII connect to?

A

submandibular ganglion and pterygopalatine ganglion

59
Q

Parasympathetic innervation through the submandibular ganglion gives innervation to what structures?

A

submandibular gland and sublingual gland

60
Q

Parasympathetic innervation through the pterygopalatine ganglion innervates what structures?

A

lacrimal gland, nasal and oral mucosal glands

61
Q

Parasympathetic innervation through CN IX synapses with what ganglion?

A

otic ganglion

62
Q

Otic ganglion parasympathetic innervation goes to what structures?

A

parotid gland

63
Q

CN X innervates what structures? (parasympathetics)

A

synapses on or near terminal ganglia to viscera of neck, thorax, foregut, and midgut

64
Q

Pelvic splanchnic nerves S2, S3, S4 innervate what structures? (parasympathetic)

A

hindgut and pelvic viscera (including the bladder, rectum, and erectile tissue

Kaplan: Anatomy and Physiology Part II (19 decks)

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