Chapter 3: Acute Inflammation Flashcards
(277 cards)
1
Q
Describe Inflammation
A
Body defense reaction/response
2
Q
Describe the reaction/response of Inflammation
A
Local
3
Q
What makes this reaction/response?
A
Living mammalian issues
4
Q
What do these living mammalian tissues react/respond to?
A
Injury
5
Q
What causes this injury?
A
Agents
6
Q
Describe these agents
A
Injurious
7
Q
What are the functions of the body defense reaction/response towards these injurious agents? (2 points)
A
Elimination
Limitation
8
Q
Which aspect of injurious agents is eliminated/ limited by the body defense reaction/response?
A
Spread
9
Q
What are these 4 agents?
A
Infective
Immunological
Physical
Chemical
10
Q
What are the 4 infective agents?
A
Bacteria
Viruses
Fungi
Parasites
11
Q
What feature of Bacteria and Viruses can also be considered as infective agent?
A
Toxins
12
Q
What are the Immunological agents?
A
Reactions
13
Q
What are the 2 reactions that are considered as Immunological agents?
A
Cell mediated
Antigen-Antibody
14
Q
What are the 4 physical agents?
A
Heat
Cold
Radiation
Mechanical Trauma
15
Q
Describe the heat and cold that considered as physical agents
A
Excess
16
Q
What are the chemical agents?
A
Poisons
17
Q
What are the 2 types of poisons considered as chemical agents?
A
Organic
Inorganic
18
Q
What is the 5th cause of Inflammation?
A
Inert materials
19
Q
What are the inert materials?
A
Foreign bodies
20
Q
What causes Acute Inflammation?
A
An Irritant
21
Q
Describe the duration of this irritant
A
Short
22
Q
Describe the tissue response
A
Rapid
23
Q
Describe the onset of the tissue response
A
Sudden
24
Q
For how long does the Acute Inflammation last?
A
Days to weeks
25
What is the systemic manifestation in Acute Inflammation?
Fever
26
Describe this fever
High
27
Which cells are predominant and are the hallmarks of Acute Inflammatory reactions?
Neutrophils
28
Which cells are also predominant in Acute Inflammation?
Macrophages
29
What is present in Acute Inflammation which characterizes it? (3 points)
Fluid exudates
Fibrin threads
Polymorphonuclear Leucocytes
30
Order the sequence of Acute Inflammation
| 4 points
Cell injury
Chemical mediators
Vascular event
Cellular event
31
Which 2 sequences indicate the occurrence of an Acute Inflammation?
Vascular event
| Cellular event
32
What are the 5 Cardinal sings of Acute Inflammation?
```
Redness
Heat
Swelling
Pain
Loss of function
```
33
What is the redness known as?
Rubor
34
What causes redness?
Dilatation
35
What are vasodilated, causing redness?
Small blood vessels
36
Where does this dilatation of small blood vessels occur in?
Damaged tissues
37
Which inflammation are the small blood vessels dilated in?
Cellulitis
38
What is heat known as?
Calor
39
What causes heat?
Hyperemia
40
Define Hyperemia
Increased blood flow
41
What causes Hyperemia
Regional vasodilatation
42
What is swelling known as?
Tumor
43
What causes swelling?
Fluid accumulation
44
Where is fluid accumulated in?
Extravascular space
45
What causes this accumulation?
Increased vascular permeability
46
What is pain known as?
Dolor
47
What are the causes of Pain? (3 points)
Stretching
Destruction
Pus
48
What are stretched and destructed, causing pain?
Tissues
49
What causes stretching and destruction of tissues?
Inflammatory edema
50
Describe this pus
Under pressure
51
Give an example where pus can be under pressure
Abscess cavity
52
What can also induce pain?
Chemicals
53
What do these chemicals come from?
Acute Inflammation
54
What are 3 chemicals that can induce pain?
Bradykinin
Serotonin
Prostaglandin
55
What are the 2 causes of loss of function?
Pain
| Severe swelling
56
What can be the effect of pain on the inflammatory area?
Inhibition
57
What can be the effect of severe swelling on tissues?
Physical immobilization
58
What is the Pathogenesis of Acute Inflammation categorized into? (2 points)
Early vascular end
| Late cellular response
59
What causes a vascular response?
Stimuli
60
What are the 2 types of stimuli that cause a vascular response?
Neurogenic
| Chemical
61
What is the first vascular response?
Vasoconstriction
62
Describe this vasoconstriction (2 points)
Immediate
| Momentary
63
How long does this vasoconstriction last?
Seconds
64
What is the second vascular response?
Vasodilation
65
Which blood vessels are vasodilated?
| 2 points
Arterioles
| Venules
66
What are these blood vessels packed with?
RBCs
67
What does the packing of RBCs in the vasodilated blood vessels result in?
Statis
68
What is caused as a result of vasodilation?
Hyperemia
69
What is caused as a result of vasodilation and hyperemia?
Increased vascular hydrostatic pressure
70
What is the effect of the Increased vascular hydrostatic pressure?
Pushes fluid outside the capillaries
71
What is the third vascular response?
Increased vascular permeability
72
Where exactly does the vascular permeability increase remarkably seen in?
Post-capillary venules
73
What is the main cause of the increased capillary permeability?
Histamine
74
What are the 2 factors which Histamine increases their permeability to the capillaries?
Plasma
| Plasma proteins
75
What does the increased capillary permeability cause? (2 points)
Slowed blood flow
| Stasis
76
What does the increased capillary permeability ooze?
Protein-rich fluid
77
What does the increased capillary permeability oozes this protein-rich fluid into?
Extravascular tissue
78
Where is this protein-rich fluid then exudated into?
Extravascular space
79
When the fluid becomes exudated into the Extravascular tissue, what would this fluid be called?
Exudate
80
What is the presence of exudate clinically appear as?
Swelling
81
What happens to the protein molecules in the fluid?
Split
82
What does these protein molecules split into?
Smaller protein molecules
83
Which process does these protein molecules split into smaller ones?
Tissue Necrosis
84
What is causes this splitting?
Increased osmotic pressure
85
What has an increased osmotic pressure?
Interstitial tissue fluid
86
What is the fourth vascular response event of Acute Inflammation?
Chemical mediators
87
What are the 2 sources of chemical mediators?
Plasma
| Cells
88
What are the 3 functions of an Exudate?
Dilutes
Brings
Supplies
Carries away
89
What does an Exudate dilute? (3 points)
Toxins
Chemicals
Poisons
90
Why does an Exudate dilute them?
To reduce their effects
91
What does an Exudate bring?
Antibodies
92
From where does an Exudate bring the antibodies?
Blood
93
When are the antibodies placed by Exudate?
Inflammation
| Opsonin
94
What does an Exudate supplies the cells with?
Nutrition
95
What does an Exudate carry away from the cells?
Waste products
96
What are the 4 components which are high in
| an Exudate?
Protein
Fibrinogen
Specific gravity
Cells
97
What is the protein content range in an Exudate?
4-8 gm%
98
What is the normal protein content?
1 gm%
99
Where is the protein present in?
Interstitial tissue fluid
100
What is the specific gravity level in an Exudate?
>1018
101
What are 4 cells that are high in content in an Exudate?
Macrophages
Polymorphs
WBCs
RBCs
102
What cellular component is usually present in an exudate?
Cell debris
103
What does the Fibrinogen form?
Fibrin network
104
What does this Fibrin network act as?
Mechanical barrier
| Bridge
105
What does this Fibrin network act as a mechanical barrier to?
Infection spread
106
What does this Fibrin network act as a bridge for?
Leucocytes
107
Why does this Fibrin network act as a bridge for Leukocytes?
To reach the irritant
108
What does the Fibrinogen do on standing?
Clots
109
Describe the appearance of an Exudate?
| 3 points
Colored
Turbid
Hemorrhagic
110
What Exudate component gives it the turbid appearance?
Fibrinogen
111
What is a Transudate?
Non-inflammatory Edema
112
What causes a Transudate?
Disorders
113
What are the 3 disorders that cause the Transudate formation?
Cardiac
Renal
Undernutritional
114
Describe the appearance of a Transudate?
| 3 points
Clear
Translucent
Or
Pale yellow
115
What gives the Transudate a clear appearance?
Protein
116
Describe the protein content in a Transudate
Low
117
Describe the cells component in a Transudate
Few
118
What are the only cells present in a Transudate?
Mesothelial cells
119
What is the specific gravity level in a Transudate?
<1018
120
Which is spontaneously coagulable? Exudate or Transudate?
Exudate
121
Which has bacteria? Exudate or Transudate?
Exudate
122
What are the 7 steps of Cellular response?
```
Margination
Rolling
Pavementation
Adhesion
Transmigration
Chemotaxis
Phagocytosis
```
123
Which WBCs are involved in the cellular response?
Leukocytes
124
What type of Leukocytes are involved in the cellular response?
Neutrophils
125
Describe Margination (2 points)
Positioning
| Accumulating
126
Where are these Leukocytes positioned and accumulated?
Along the surface of the endothelium
127
In which zone are these Leukocytes positioned and accumulated along the surface of the Endothelium?
Peripheral
128
What causes Margination?
Increased vascular permeability
129
Which zone are the blood cells normally present at? (2 points)
Central
| Axial
130
Which blood cells are particularly present at the central (axial) zone, normally?
Erythrocytes
131
Where are the erythrocytes particularly present in at the central (axial) zone, normally?
Venules
132
How does these Leukocytes move in the process of rolling?
Tumble slowly
133
Where does these Leukocytes move?
Along the Endothelium
134
Describe Pavementation
When the Leukocytes virtually line the Endothelium
135
What is the purpose of cell adhesion molecules?
Facilitation
136
What does these cell adhesion molecules facilitate?
The binding of Leukocytes with the Endothelium
137
What are the 3 cell adhesion molecules?
Selectin
Immunoglobulins
Integrins
138
What does the Leukocytes do in Transmigration?
Escape
139
From where does the Leukocytes usually escape?
Venules
140
Where does the Leukocytes sometimes escape from?
Capillaries
141
How do the Leukocytes escape by?
Diapedesis
142
How do the leukocytes escape by Diapedesis?
Extend their pseudopodia through vascular wall
143
Describe Chemotaxis
A unidirectional attraction of Leukocytes
144
From where are Leukocytes attracted?
Vascular channels
145
Which site the Leukocytes are then headed towards?
Inflammation
146
Where is the site of Inflammation?
Within tissue space
147
What are these Leukocytes guided by?
Chemical gradients
148
What do these chemical gradients include?
| 2 points
Bacteria
| Cellular debris
149
In Chemotaxis, what are the most important chemotactic factors/stimuli for the Leukocytes?
Complement system components
150
What are the 2 components of the complement system?
C5a
| Arachidonic acid metabolism products
151
What are the 2 products of Arachidonic acid metabolism?
Leukotriene B4
| Cytokines IL-8
152
Which products of Arachidonic acid metabolism are components of the complement system? (2 points)
Bacterial
| Mitochondrial
153
Which 3 cells respond to Chemotactic stimuli?
Granulocytes
Monocytes
Lymphocytes
154
Which cells respond to Chemotactic factors the least?
Lymphocytes
155
What is are the 3 functions of the specialized cells in the process of Phagocytosis?
Engulfment
Internalization
Invasion
156
Describe the material in which these specialized cells are made of
Particulate
157
What does these specialized cells invade?
| 3 points
Microorganisms
Damaged cells
Tissue debris
158
What does are the 3 specialized cells involved in phagocytosis?
Polymorphonuclear leukocytes
Monocytes
Tissue macrophges
159
According to what is Acute Inflammation classified into?
Pus presence/absence
160
Describe pus
Semi-fluid
161
What is a pus formed of? (4 points)
Dead and living Neutrophils
Microorganisms
Necrotic tissue
Fluid exudate
162
What are the 2 types of Acute Inflammation?
Suppurative
| Non-Suppurative
163
What are the 2 types of Suppurative Inflammation?
Localized
| Diffuse
164
What are the 3 forms of Localized Suppurative Acute Inflammation?
Abscess
Boil
Carbuncle
165
What is a form of Diffuse Suppurative Acute Inflammation?
Cellulitis
166
What are the 7 forms of Non-Suppurative Acute Inflammation
```
Catarrhal
Membranous
Allergic
Fibrinous
Sero-fibrinous
Hemorrhagic
Necrotizing
```
167
What are the 2 expressions used for Suppurative Acute Inflammation?
Pyogenic
| Septic
168
Describe Suppurative Acute Inflammation
Severe
169
What is Suppurative Acute Inflammation characterized by?
Pus formation
170
What are the 4 Microorganisms that cause Suppurative Acute Inflammation?
Staphylococcus Aureus
Pneumococcus
Gonococcus
Bacillus coli
171
What does an abscess form?
Cavity
172
Describe this cavity
Irregular
173
What is this cavity filled with?
Pus
174
Which microorganism causes an Abscess?
Staphylococcus Aureus
175
What does Staphylococcus Aureus produce?
Coagulase enzyme
176
What does Coagulase enzyme assess in?
Fibrin formation
177
What does Coagulase enzyme do with the infection?
Localization
178
Where does the abscess commonly occur in?
Subcutaneous tissue
179
Where does the abscess also occur in?
Any organ
180
What are examples of organs where the abscess occur in? (4 points)
Lung
Liver
Brain
Breast
181
What are the 3 zones of abscess?
Central
Mid
Peripheral
182
What does the central zone contain?
Necrosis
183
What does the midzone contain?
Pus
184
What does the peripheral zone contain?
Inflamed tissue
185
What is this Inflamed tissue called?
Pyogenic membrane
186
What are the complications of abscess?
| 8 points
```
Lymphangitis
Lymphadenitis
Septicemia
Bacteremia
Toxemia
Septic Thrombophlebitis
Pyemic abscess
Chronicity
```
187
Define Boil
Small abscess
188
What is the Boil related to? (3 points)
Hair follicles
Sweat glands
Sebaceous glands
189
Define Carbuncle
Multiple communicating foci
190
Where does the Carbuncle occur in?
Subcutaneous tissue
191
Where does this Carbuncle open to?
Surface
192
What does this Carbuncle use to open to the surface?
Multiple sinuses
193
Where is Carbuncle common in?
Diabetic patients
194
Which microorganism causes Cellulitis?
Streptococcus Haemolyticus
195
What does Streptococcus Haemolyticus produce?
Enzymes
196
What are the 2 enzymes produced by Streptococcus Haemolyticus?
Fibrinolysin
| Hyaluronidase
197
What is the action of these enzymes?
Dissolution
198
What is Fibrinolysin also known as?
Streptokinase
199
What does Fibrinolysin dissolve?
Fibrin
200
What is Hyaluronidase also known as?
Spreading factor
201
What does Hyaluronidase dissolve?
Hyaluronic acid
202
Which Hyaluronic acid is dissolved?
Of ground substance
203
What does Hyaluronic acid asses in?
Bacterial spread
204
Which bacterial feature is also accompanied with it when the bacteria spread?
Toxins
205
Where does the Cellulitis occur in?
| 3 points
Loose connective tissue
Scrotum
Upper respiratory tract
206
What is an example of loose connective tissue where the Cellulitis occur in?
Subcutaneous tissue
207
What are the characters of Cellulitis?
| 3 points
Failed localization
Necrosis
Pus
208
What causes the localization failure?
Fibrin absence
209
Describe the necrosis in Cellulitis
Extensive
210
Describe the pus consistency in cellulitis
Thin
211
What may the pus contain?
RBCs
212
What is the condition in which the pus contains RBCs?
Sanguineous
213
What are the complications of Cellulitis?
| 4 points
Acute Lymphangitis
Acute Lymphadenitis
Septic Thrombophlebitis
Septicemia
214
What does Septic Thrombophlebitis cause?
Pyemic abscesses
215
Describe Catarrhal Inflammation
Mild
216
What is the Catarrhal Inflammation characterized by?
Excess mucus secretion
217
Where does the Catarrhal Inflammation occur in?
Mucus membrane
218
Which mucus membrane is where the Catarrhal Inflammation occur in? (2 points)
Respiratory tract
| GIT
219
What are the 2 infections that are caused by Catarrhal Inflammation?
Catarrhal Rhinitis
| Bronchitis
220
What is the Catarrhal Rhinitis?
Common cold
221
What is the Membranous Inflammation also known as?
Pseudomembrane
222
Describe Membranous Inflammation
Severe
223
What is the Membranous Inflammation characterized by?
Pseudomembrane formation
224
Where is the Pseudomembrane formed on?
Affected surface
225
Describe the pseudomembrane formed
| 2 points
Slightly elevated
| Adherent
226
Describe the color of the pseudomembrane formed
Yellowish white
227
What will be caused in the affected surface as a result of the pseudomembrane removal?
Bleeding
228
What will be formed in the affected surface as a result of the pseudomembrane removal?
Another membrane
229
What is the Pseudomembrane formed of?
| 4 points
Causative organism
Necrotic cells
Leukocytes
Fibrin threads
230
What are the 2 causative organisms caused by Membranous Inflammation?
Diphtheria
| Bacillary Dysentery
231
Where do these bacteria remain on?
Mucosal surface
232
What does the bacteria produce?
Exotoxin
233
What does this Exotoxin cause to the mucosal surface?
Patchy mucosal necrosis
234
What does the Exotoxin move through?
Necrotic mucosa
235
How does the Exotoxin move through the Necrotic Mucosa?
Diffusion
236
Where is the Exotoxin headed to from Necrotic Mucosa?
Submucosa
237
What does the Exotoxin cause when it diffuses from through the necrotic mucosa to the submucosa?
Acute Inflammation
238
How is the Exotoxin will then be affected?
Absorbed
239
Where is the Exotoxin absorbed into?
Blood stream
240
What does the Exotoxin cause when absorbed into the blood stream?
Severe Toxemia
241
What is the Fibrinous, Serofibrinous, Hemorrhage and Allergic Inflammations characterized by?
An Exudate
242
What is the Exudate of Fibrinous inflammation rich in?
Fibrinogen
243
What is an example of an infection caused by Fibrinogen Inflammation?
Lobar Pneumonia
244
What does Serofibrinous Inflammation involve?
Serous sacs
245
What are the 3 examples of serous sacs?
Pleura
Peritoneum
Pericardium
246
Describe the Exudate in Serofibrinous Inflammation
Serous
247
Describe the plenty of this Serous Exudate
Excess
248
Where is the Excess Serous Exudate found in?
Sac
249
What is Serofibrinous Inflammation also characterized by?
Deposition
250
What is deposited?
Fibrin
251
Where is the Fibrin deposited?
On sac surface
252
Describe the Exudate in Hemorrhage Inflammation
Cellular
253
What is this Cellular Exudate rich in?
RBCs
254
What causes the Cellular Exudate to be rich in RBCs?
Vascular damage
255
What is Necrotizing Inflammation characterized by?
Tissue Necrosis
256
Describe this Tissue Necrosis
Marked
257
Describe Allergic Inflammation
Antigen Antibody Reaction
258
Describe the Exudate in Allergic Inflammation
Fluid
259
Describe the plenty of this Fluid Exudate
Abundant
260
Which cells are involved in the Allergic Inflammation which also characterize it?
Eosinophils
261
What is an example of an allergy caused by Allergic Inflammation?
Urticaria
262
What are the 4 courses/outcomes of Acute Inflammation?
Resolution
Healing
Abscess formation
Chronic Inflammation
263
What are the 2 tissue factors affected by Resolution?
Normal Structure
| Function
264
Due to Resolution, what happens to the tissue's normal structure?
Restituted
265
Describe this restitution?
Complete
266
What is an example of an infection which undergoes resolution?
Lobar Pneumonia
267
What does the healing occur by?
Fibrosis
268
What does the Fibrosis form to bring about healing?
Scar
269
What does the formation of abscess needs?
Surgery
270
What could be formed if the abscess is left untouched? (2 points)
Sinus
| Fistula
271
How is Sinus formed?
Abscess cavity connects one Epithelial lining/surface
272
How is Fistula formed?
Abscess tract connects 2 epithelial lining/surface
273
What rarely could be formed if the abscess is left untouched? (2 points)
Septicemia
| Pyemia
274
Describe the abscess accompanied by Septicemia or Pyemia
Subsequent Metastatic
275
Where can this subsequent metastatic abscess be found in? (3 points)
Heart
Kidney
Brain
276
What is caused due to Vasodilation and hyperemia?
Hyperemia
277
Why does this Fibrin network act as a bridge for Leukocytes?
To reach the irritant
