Chapter 3: Chronic Inflammation Flashcards
1
Q
What causes Chronic inflammation?
A
An irritant
2
Q
Describe Chronic inflammation
A
Active
3
Q
Describe the action of this irritant
A
Prolonged
4
Q
Describe the tissue response
A
Slow
5
Q
Describe the onset of the tissue response
A
Gradual
6
Q
For how long does the Chronic Inflammation last?
A
Months to years
7
Q
What are the 3 systemic manifestations in Chronic Inflammation?
A
Fever
Weight loss
Anemia
8
Q
Describe this Fever
A
Low
9
Q
Which 3 cells are predominant in Chronic Inflammation and characterize it?
A
Macrophages
Lymphocytes
Plasma cells
10
Q
Which cells are also predominant in Chronic Inflammation?
A
Fibroblasts
11
Q
What also characterizes Chronic Inflammation?
A
Fibrosis
12
Q
What are the 3 courses/outcomes of Chronic Inflammation?
A
Tissue Destruction
Fibrosis
Necrosis
13
Q
What are proceeding simultaneously in Chronic Inflammation? (3 points)
A
Inflammation
Destruction
Attempts
14
Q
What is destroyed simultaneously in Chronic Inflammation?
A
Tissue
15
Q
Which attempts are proceeded simultaneously in Chronic Inflammation?
A
Repair
16
Q
What are the 4 causes of Chronic Inflammation?
A
Infections
Autoimmunity
Exposure to substances
Progression from Acute Inflammation
17
Q
What causes these infections?
A
Certain microorganisms
18
Q
What is an example of these certain microorganisms?
A
Certain Fungi
19
Q
Describe the level of toxicity of the certain microorganisms
A
Low
20
Q
What do the certain microorganisms evoke?
A
Hypersensitivity reactions
21
Q
What type of Hypersensitivity reaction do the certain microorganisms evoke?
A
Delayed
22
Q
Describe these infections (2 points)
A
Persistent
Intracellular
23
Q
What are 2 examples of these infections?
A
Tuberculosis
Leprosy
24
Q
Describe the exposure to substances which causes Chronic Inflammation
A
Prolonged
25
Describe these substances
Non-degradable
26
Describe the toxicity level of these substances
Partial
27
What are the 2 types of these substances?
Endogenous
| Exogenous
28
What is an example of the Endogenous substances?
Lipid components
29
What do the lipid components cause?
Atherosclerosis
30
What are 2 examples of the Endogenous substances?
Silica
| Asbestos
31
What are the 2 examples of an Autoimmune disease that cause Chronic Inflammation?
Rheumatoid Arthritis
| Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
32
From when do these 2 examples of Autoimmune disease cause Chronic Inflammations?
Onset
33
What are the cells of Chronic Inflammation?
| 5 points
```
Macrophages
T-Lymphocytes
B-Lymphocytes
Plasma cells
Mast cells
```
34
What are the Primary cells in Chronic Inflammation?
Macrophages
35
What are Macrophages derived from?
Monocytes
36
What method do Macrophages use to move in various parts of the body?
Diffusion
37
Describe the occurrence of Macrophages in various parts of the body
Scattered
38
What are examples of organs where Macrophages are present in? (7 points)
```
Liver
Spleen
Lymph nodes
Lungs
Bone Marrow
Brain
Skin
```
39
What are Macrophages known as in liver cells?
Kupffer cells
40
What are Macrophages known as in spleen and lymph node cells?
Sinus Histiocytes
41
What are Macrophages known as in lung cells?
Alveolar Macrophages
42
What are Macrophages known as in bone marrow and brain cells?
Microglia
43
What are Macrophages known as in skin cells?
Langerhans cells
44
What do these cells constitute?
Mononuclear phagocytic system
45
Describe the products of Macrophages
Active
46
Describe the variety of these active products
Wide
47
What is an example of these active products?
Monokines
48
What can Macrophages be modified into?
Epithelioid cells
49
During which process can Macrophages be modified into Epithelioid cells?
Granulomatous
50
What are T-Lymphocytes primarily involved in?
Cellular immunity
51
Describe the T-Lymphocytes in cellular immunity
Key:
Regulator
Effector
52
What do T-lymphocytes produce?
Lymphokine
53
What do B-Lymphocytes and Plasma cells produce?
Antibodies
54
What are these antibodies directed against?
| 2 points
Persistent antigen
| Tissue components
55
Where are these persistent antigens found in?
Inflammatory site
56
Describe these tissue components
Altered
57
Mast cells and eosinophils appear predominantly to respond to? (2 points)
Parasitic infestations
| Allergic reactions
58
Which cells can be seen in some forms of Chronic Inflammation?
Neutrophils
59
What are 3 examples of these forms of Chronic Inflammation?
Chronic:
Osteomyelitis
Actinomycosis
Lung diseases
60
What induces Chronic lung diseases?
Stimuli
61
What are the stimuli that induce Chronic lung diseases?
Smoking
| Others
62
According to what is the Chronic Inflammation classified into?
Histologic features
63
What are the 2 types of Chronic Inflammation?
Nonspecific
| Specific
64
What does the Nonspecific Chronic Inflammation inolve?
Macrophages and Lymphocytes accumulation
65
Describe this accumulation
Diffuse
66
Which site is this accumulation found in?
Injury
67
What makes this accumulation productive?
New fibrosis tissue formations
68
What is an example of Nonspecific Chronic Inflammation?
Chronic Cholecystitis
69
What is Specific Inflammation known as?
Granulomatous Inflammation
70
What is Granulomatous Inflammation characterized by?
Granuloma presence
71
Describe Granuloma
Epithelioid cells aggregation/collection
72
Describe Epithelioid cells
Activated Macrophage of modified Epithelial-cell like appearance
73
What do these Epithelioid cells form?
Giant cells
74
Describe these Giant cells
Multinucleated
75
What do these Epithelioid cells do in order to form the Multinucleated Giant cells?
Fuse with each other
76
How many Epithelioid cells fuse with each other to form the Multinucleated Giant cells?
2 or more
77
Why do the Epithelioid cells fuse with each other in order to form the Multinucleated Giant cells?
For engulfment
78
What do the Epithelioid cells engulf?
Particle
79
How many particles do the Epithelioid cells engulf?
Single
80
What is the Granuloma usually surrounded by?
Lymphocytes
81
What does the occurrence of these Lymphocytes look like?
A cuff
82
What can also sometimes surround the Granuloma?
Plasma cells
83
What are the 2 types of Giant cells?
Foreign body
| Langhans
84
Describe the occurrence of the nuclei of the Foreign body-type Giant cells
Scattered
85
Describe the scattering of the nuclei of the Foreign body-type Giant cells
Irregular
86
Describe the occurrence of the nuclei of the Langhans Giant cells
Arranged
87
Describe the arrangement of the nuclei of the Langhans Giant cells
Peripheral
88
What does the pattern of the nuclei of the Langhans Giant cells look like?
Horse-shoe
89
Where are the Langhans Giant cells typically seen in? (2 points)
Tuberculosis
| Sarcoidosis
90
What are the 2 types of Granuloma
Foreign body
| Immune
91
What is Foreign body Granuloma initiated by?
Foreign bodies
92
Which foreign bodies are initiated by Foreign body Granuloma?
Inert
93
What are examples of foreign bodies initiated by Foreign body Granuloma? (5 points)
```
Talc
Sutures
Fibers
Silicosis
Asbestosis
```
94
Which type of sutures initiate Foreign body Granuloma?
Nonabsorbable
95
Describe the size of these foreign bodies
Large
96
What is prevented due to their enough large size?
Phagocytosis
97
Describe the cell which is prevented from making Phagocytosis
A Single Macrophage
98
What is not incited by Foreign body Granuloma?
Immune response
99
Describe Immune Granuloma
Granulomatous Hypersensitivity reaction
100
Which type of Hypersensitivity reaction is the Immune Granuloma?
IV
101
Describe this reaction
Protective defense reaction
102
What makes this reaction?
Host
103
What does this reaction unfortunately cause eventually?
Tissue destruction
104
What made this reaction cause tissue destruction?
Antigen persistence
105
Describe this antigen (2 points)
Poorly digestible/soluble
| Inciting
106
What are the 2 examples of microorganisms of poorly digestible antigens?
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis
| M.laprae
107
What is done with the poorly digestible/soluble inciting antigens?
Engulfed
108
Which cells engulf the poorly digestible/soluble inciting antigens?
Antigen presenting cells
109
What type of cell is an antigen presenting cell?
Macrophage
110
What does this Macrophage do with the antigen?
Presents part of it
111
What does the Macrophage presents this part of the antigen to?
CD4+ T helper cells
112
What does the Macrophage also present in accompany with this antigen?
MHC molecules
113
Which type of the MCH molecules are presented by the Macrophage in accompany with the antigen?
2
114
What does the Macrophage present the part of the antigen and the MCH molecule type 2 to?
CD4+ T helper cells
115
How will the of CD4+ T helper cells be affected as a result of this?
Become activated
116
What will the CD4+ T helper cells then produce?
Cytokines
117
What is the effect of Cytokines on Granuloma which the Cytokines are implicated in?
(2 points)
Formation
| Maintenance
118
What are the 2 types of Cytokines produced by the CD4+ T helper cells?
IL-2
| IFN-γ
119
What is IFN-γ known as?
Interferon Gamma
120
What is the function of the Cytokines IL-2?
Activation
| Perpetuation
121
What does the Cytokines IL-2 activate?
Other CD4+ T helper cells
122
What does the Cytokines IL-2 perpetuates?
The response
123
What is the function of the Cytokines IFN-γ?
Transformation
124
What does the Cytokines IFN-γ transfer?
Macrophages
125
What does the Cytokines IFN-γ transfer Macrophages into? (2 points)
Epithelioid cells then
| Multinucleated Giant cells
126
Which feature of a Macrophage is involved in Immune Granuloma?
Inhibitory factor
127
What does the Macrophage Inhibitory factor asses in?
Localization
128
What does the Macrophage Inhibitory factor asses in localizing? (2 points)
Activated Macrophages
| Epithelioid cells
129
What are the 2 examples of Immune Granuloma?
Sarcoidosis
| Crohns disease
130
Describe the etiology of these 2 examples
Unknown
131
What are the major causes of Granulomatous Inflammation? (7 points)
```
Bacterial
Chlamydial
Fungal
Protozoal
Helminthic
Idiopathic
Inorganic material
```
132
What are the examples of bacterial causes of Granulomatous Inflammation? (5 points)
```
Tuberculosis
Leprosy
Syphilis
Cat scratch disease
Yersinosis
```
133
What are the examples of fungal causes of Granulomatous Inflammation? (4 points)
Histoplasmosis
Cryptococcosis
Coccidioidomycosis
Blastomycosis
134
What is an example of Helminthic causes of Granulomatous Inflammation?
Schistosomiasis
135
What are the examples of Protozoal causes of Granulomatous Inflammation? (2 points)
Leishmaniasis
| Toxoplasmosis
136
What is an example of Chlamydial causes of Granulomatous Inflammation?
Lymphogranuloma venerum
137
What is an example of inorganic material causes of Granulomatous Inflammation?
Berylliosis
138
What are the examples of Idiopathic causes of Granulomatous Inflammation? (3 points)
Acidosis
Cohn's disease
Primary biliary cirrhosis
