Infection; TB introduction Flashcards
1
Q
Describe Infection
A
Invasion
2
Q
What is invaded in an infection?
A
Living tissue
3
Q
What invades the living tissue?
A
Pathogenic microorganisms
4
Q
What is developed due to this invasion?
A
Pathological changes
5
Q
How many types of Infection are there?
A
4
6
Q
What are the 4 types of Infection?
A
Toxaemia
Bacteraemia
Septicaemia
Pyaemia
7
Q
What is involved in the 4 types of Infection?
A
Circulation
8
Q
Where do the 4 types of Infection circulate in?
A
Blood
9
Q
What is circulated in blood in Toxaemia?
A
Toxins
10
Q
What is caused due to the circulation of toxins in blood in Toxaemia?
A
Clinical and pathological manifestations
11
Q
What is circulated in blood in Bacteraemia?
A
Bacteria
12
Q
What doesn’t the bacteria undergo in Bacteraemia?
A
Multiplication
13
Q
What is circulated in blood in Septicaemia?
A
Virulent microorganisms
14
Q
Describe the number of these virulent microorganisms
A
Large
15
Q
What do these virulent microorganisms undergo in Septicaemia?
A
Multiplication
16
Q
What is produced by these virulent microorganisms which is also circulated in blood in Septicaemia?
A
Toxins
17
Q
What is an example of a bacteria that causes Septicaemia?
A
Streptococcus Haemolyticus
18
Q
What is the condition in which Streptococcus Haemolyticus causes Septicaemia?
A
Puerperal sepsis
19
Q
What is circulated in blood in Pyaemia?
A
Septic emboli
20
Q
What is the fate of this septic emboli in Pyaemia?
A
Impaction
21
Q
Where is this septic emboli impacted in?
A
Different organs
22
Q
Define TB (2 points)
A
Granuloma
Disease
23
Q
Describe this granuloma (2 points)
A
Chronic
Infective
24
Q
What does this chronic infective granuloma infect?
A
Nearly all body systems
25
What does this chronic infective granuloma mainly infect?
Lungs
26
What are the 4 causes of TB?
Poverty
Crowding
Old age
Debilitating diseases
27
What is the causative agent of TB?
TB bacilli
28
Describe this TB bacilli (4 points)
Aerobic
Acid fast
Non-motile
Non-toxigenic
29
What does this TB bacilli consist of?
Layers
30
How many layers does this TB bacilli consist of?
3
31
What are these 3 layers in which the TB bacilli is made of?
Carbohydrates
Lipid
Protein
32
What is the type of carbohydrate in which the TB bacilli is made of?
Polysaccharide
33
What are the types of TB? (2 points)
Human
Bovine
Others
34
What feature of a bacteria does the pathogenesis depend on?
Chemical structure
35
What are the 3 chemical structures of the bacteria in which the pathogenesis depend on?
Carbohydrate
Lipid capsule
Antigen
36
What is the bacterial antigen known as?
| 2 points
Tubercloprotein
| Nucleoprotein
37
What is the function of the carbohydrate fraction?
Attraction
38
What does the carbohydrate attract?
Neutrophils
39
What is the type of neutrophils attracted by the carbohydrate fraction?
PNLS
40
What do these neutrophils do with the bacteria?
Engulfment
41
What cannot be done by the neutrophils to the bacteria?
Digestion
42
What do the neutrophils lack which make them unable to digest the bacteria?
Lipase
43
What are the 2 functions of the lipid fraction?
Protection
| Chemotactic
44
What is the lipid fraction chemotactic to?
Macrophages
45
What do the Macrophages do with the bacteria when they are summoned by the lipid fraction?
(2 points)
Phagocytosis
| Engulfment
46
What are the Macrophages unable to do after that?
Destruction
47
What do the Macrophages become after engulfing the bacteria?
Epithelioid cells
48
What do the Macrophages do after becoming Epithelioid cells?
Presentation
49
What do the Macrophages present?
Antigen
50
What do the Macrophages present the antigen to?
T Lymphocytes
51
How are the T lymphocytes affected by the antigen?
Stimulated
52
Where will the T lymphocytes be accumulated around?
Epithelioid cells
53
What is the function of the T Lymphocytes?
Secretion
54
What does the T Lymphocyte secrete?
Factors
55
How many factors does the T Lymphocyte secrete?
4
56
What are the 4 factors that the T Lymphocyte secrete?
Macrophage chemotactic
Migration inhibition
Mitogenic
Cytotoxic
57
What is the function of macrophage chemotactic factor?
Attraction
58
What does the macrophage chemotactic factor attract?
More Macrophages
59
The migration of what is inhibited by the migration inhibition factor?
Macrophages
60
What is the function of the mitogenic factor?
Stimulation
61
What does the mitogenic factor stimulate?
Migration
62
The migration of what is stimulated by the mitogenic factor?
Lymphocytes
63
What does the Cytotoxic factor cause?
Tissue necrosis
64
What aren't the causes of tissue changes?
| 2 points
Exotoxin
| Endotoxin
65
What causes tissue changes instead?
Host response to the organism
66
What are the 2 forms of this response which are developed?
Cell-mediated hypertension
| Immunity
67
What is the type of the Cell- mediated hypertension?
IV
68
What is the unit used to measure the tubercle?
mm
69
What is the size range of the tubercle?
1-3
70
What is present in the center of the tubercle in the gross picture?
Caseation
71
What is the color of this caseation?
Yellow
72
What is the color of the periphery of the tubercle in the gross picture?
Grey white
73
What is used to stain the tubercle?
H & E
74
Describe this central caseous material under the microscope
Structureless
75
Describe the color of this central caseous material under the microscope
Eosinophilic
76
What does this central caseous material lack under the microscope?
Cellular debris
77
How many cells are present in the periphery of this tubercle under the microscope?
4
78
What are the 4 cells are present in the periphery of this tubercle under the microscope?
Epithelioid cells
Langhan's giant cells
Macrophages
Lymphocytes
79
Describe the size of the Epithelioid cells in relation to the size of the Macrophages
Larger
80
Describe the shape of the nuclei of the Epithelioid cells
Vesicular
81
Describe the size of this vesicular nuclei of the Epithelioid cells
Large
82
Describe the color of the cytoplasm of the Epithelioid cells
Eosinophilic
83
Describe the cell borders of the Epithelioid cells
Indistinct
84
What occurs in the periphery of the tubercle under the microscope?
Fibroblastic reaction
85
What makes the pulmonary TB a favorable site for the bacteria?
Easy inhalation
| Good aeration
86
What are the 2 predisposing factors of TB in any organ?
Environmental
| Personal
87
What are the 3 predisposing environmental factors of TB in any organ?
Low socioeconomic state
Overcrowding
Pollution
88
What are the 4 predisposing personal factors of TB in any organ?
Negros
Diabetes mellitus
Malnutrition
Immune deficiency state
89
What are the 2 types of TB infection?
Primary
| Secondary
90
Which infection does the Primary TB occurs in?
First
91
At which age does the Primary TB occur in?
| 2 points
Young
| Childhood
92
Which patients are infected with Primary TB?
Non immunized
93
Describe the methods of Primary TB infection
Exogenous
94
How many methods of Primary TB infection are there?
3
95
What are the 3 methods of TB infection?
Inhalation
Ingestion
Direct contact
96
How many sites of primary complex are there?
5
97
What are the 5 sites of primary complex?
```
Nose
Tonsil
Lung
Skin
Intestine
```
98
Describe the reaction of the body against TB bacilli
Proliferative
99
What is the primary complex formed of?
| 3 points
Parenchymatous lesions
TB Lymphadenitis
TB Lymphangitis
100
What is present in the parenchymatous lesions?
| 2 points
Tubercles
| Caseation
101
Describe the caseation in the Primary TB
Minimal
102
Where can the Primary TB be mainly spread in which is considered as a complication?
(2 points)
Lymphatic
| Blood
103
What is the Post primary TB also known as?
Secondary
104
What is the Post primary TB also known as?
Secondary
105
At which age does the Post primary TB occur in?
| 2 points
Middle
| Adulthood
106
Which patients are infected with Post primary TB?
Which have primary TB
| Which take BCG vaccine
107
Describe the methods of Post primary TB infection (2 points)
Endogenous
| Exogenous
108
How does the endogenous method of Post primary TB infection occur?
Reactivation
109
How does the exogenous method of Post primary TB infection occur?
Reinfection
110
What are the sites in which the Post primary TB occur in?
Any
111
What are the 2 sites in which the Post primary TB mainly occur in?
Lung
| Intestine
112
What are 2 reactions of the body against TB bacilli?
Proliferative
113
Where does these proliferative reactions occur in?
Solid organs
| Tubercles
114
What does these tubercles contain?
Caseation
115
Describe this caseation
Marked
116
Where does the exudative reactions occur in?
Covering
117
What are the 3 covering in which these exudative reactions occur in?
Serous
Serofibrinous
Caseating
118
What does the serous covering contain?
| 2 points
Tubercle
| Exude
119
Where can the Post primary TB be mainly spread in which is considered as a complication? (2 points)
Local
| Natural passgaes
120
What are the other 3 complications of the Post primary TB?
Fibrosis
Amyloidosis
Stress ulcers
