Hemodynamics disorders Flashcards
1
Q
What is meant by hyperemia and congestion?
A
Increase in blood volume
2
Q
Describe this increase
A
Local
3
Q
Where does this local increase in blood volume occur in?
A
Particular tissue
4
Q
Describe the process of Hyperemia
A
Active
5
Q
What is affected in the organs, in Hyperemia?
A
Arterial blood inflow
6
Q
How is this arterial blood inflow affected?
A
Increased
7
Q
What causes this increase in the arterial blood inflow?
A
Active arteriolar dilatation
8
Q
What is changed in the these arterioles?
A
Muscle tone
9
Q
Describe the color of the affected tissue
A
Reddened
10
Q
What happens to these tissues so that they become reddened?
A
Engorgement
11
Q
What are the affected tissues engorged with so that they become reddened?
A
Oxygenated blood
12
Q
What are the 2 types of Hyperemia?
A
Physiological
Pathological
13
Q
What are the 2 sites in which physiological Hyperemia occur in?
A
Skeletal muscles
Gut
14
Q
When does the Hyperemia occur in skeletal muscles?
A
During exercise
15
Q
What does the Hyperemia that occur in the gut follow?
A
Meal
16
Q
When does the pathological Hyperemia occur?
A
Acute inflammation
17
Q
Describe the process of congestion
A
Passive
18
Q
What is the Congestion known as? (2 points)
A
Venous congestion
Passive hyperemia
19
Q
What is affected in the organs, in congestion?
A
Venous blood
20
Q
Describe the venous blood in the tissues of these organs (2 points)
A
Increased
Excess
21
Q
What causes this increased/excess venous blood in the tissues of these organs?
A
Obstruction
22
Q
What is obstructed causing this increased/excess venous blood in the tissues of these organs?
A
Venous outflow
23
Q
How is this venous blood outflow also affected?
3 points
A
Impaired
Slow
Reduced
24
Q
What are the 3 sites in an organ where the increased/excess the venous blood resulted from the obstruction of the venous outflow occur in?
A
Veins
Venules
Capillaries
25
What do these 3 sites become due to the increased/excess the venous blood resulted from the obstruction of the venous outflow?
Passively dilated
26
Describe the color of the tissues where the congestion occur in
Red-blue
27
What are these tissues accumulated with so that they become reddened?
Deoxygenated blood
28
What are the 2 types of Congestion?
Localized
| Generalized
29
What are the 2 subtypes of localized and generalized congestion?
Acute
| Chronic
30
Describe the venous obstruction in acute localized congestion (2 points)
Sudden
| Complete
31
What causes this sudden complete venous obstruction in acute localized congestion?
(4 points)
Thrombosis
Ligature
Strangulation
Twisting
32
What is twisted and strangulated in an organ causing this sudden complete venous obstruction?
Pedicle
33
Describe the organ which its pedicle is twisted and strangulated causing this sudden complete venous obstruction
Movable
34
What are the effects of acute localized congestion? (4 points)
Severe distention
Edema
Infarction
Gangrene
35
Describe the severe distention and the edema
Rapid
36
What are the 2 sites where the rapid severe distention occur in?
Veins
| Capillaries
37
What may happen to these veins and capillaries?
Rupture
38
What does the rapture of these veins and capillaries cause?
Hemorrhage
39
Where does the rapid Edema occur in?
Tissues
40
Where do the infraction and the gangrene occur in?
Intestine
41
Describe the venous obstruction in chronic localized congestion (2 points)
Gradual
| Incomplete
42
What causes this gradual incomplete venous obstruction?
| 3 points
Venous compression
Liver cirrhosis or Fibrosis
Left ventricular failure
43
What is venous compression done by?
| 3 points
Tumor
Enlarged lymph node
Pregnant uterus
44
Where does the congestion caused by liver cirrhosis or fibrosis occur in?
Veins
45
Which veins does the congestion caused by liver cirrhosis or fibrosis occur in? (2 points)
Mesenteric
| Splenic
46
Where does the congestion caused by the left ventricular failure occur in?
Pulmonary veins
47
What are the 2 effects of chronic localized congestion?
Edema
| Stasis
48
What does the statis predispose?
Thrombosis
49
What is gradually opened as an effect of chronic localized congestion?
Collateral veins
50
What is developed as an effect of chronic localized congestion?
Varicoses
51
What is an example of this varicoses?
Oesophageal varices
52
What are the 6 causes of chronic congestion in lung?
```
Left sided heart failure
Mitral stenosis
Phagocytosis
Degradation
Fibrosis
Hemosiderin deposition
```
53
Where does chronic congestion in lung occurs in?
Alveolar capillaries
54
What also happens to these alveolar capillaries?
Distention
55
What do the congestion and the distention lead to?
Transudation
56
What is transded as a result of the congestion and the distention of the alveolar capillaries?
Fluid
57
Where is this fluid transuded?
Alveolar spaces
58
What then happens to the alveolar capillaries when the fluid is transuded into the alveolar spaces?
Rupture
59
What will then pass when the alveolar capillaries rupture?
RBCs
60
What will the RBCs pass to when the alveolar capillaries rupture?
Alveoli
61
Describe the lung in this stage of chronic congestion
| 2 points
Enlarged
| Heavy
62
Describe the color of the lung in this stage of chronic congestion
Bluish-red
63
What is seen in the cut section of the lung at this stage?
Bloody froth
64
What will then happen to these RBCs?
| 2 points
Phagocytosis
| Degradation
65
Which cells are resulted when phagocytosis
| degradation occur in the RBCs?
Intra-alveolar hemosiderin-laden macrophages
66
What are these cells known as?
Heart failure cells
67
Which case of congestion does the fibrosis and hemosiderin deposition occur in?
Long-standing
68
Where does this fibrosis occur in?
Interstitium
69
What is resulted in the lung due to the Interstitium fibrosis and the hemosiderin deposition?
Brown Induration
70
Describe the color of the lung in this stage
Dark brown
71
Describe the consistency of the lung in this stage (2 points)
Firm
| Indurated
72
What causes the lung's consistency to be firm and indurated?
Fibrosis
73
Which conditions does Acute generalized congestion occur in?
Terminal
74
What causes terminal conditions to lead to acute generalized congestion?
Acute heart failure
75
Where does the acute generalized congestion occur in?
All viscera
76
Describe the acute generalized congestion occur in all viscera
Rapid
77
Describe the chronic generalized congestion
Gradual
78
What does the chronic generalized congestion occur in?
Whole venous system
79
What are the 2 causes of chronic generalized congestion?
Right sided heart failure
| Pulmonary hypertension
80
What does the chronic generalized congestion cause? (4 points)
Hypoxia
Cyanosis
Dyspnea
Generalized edema
81
What is defected causing Hypoxia?
Blood oxygenation
82
Where does the defective blood oxygenation occurs in?
Congested lungs
83
What increases in amount causing Cyanosis?
Reduced Hemoglobin
84
What reduces the Hemoglobin?
Stasis
85
What causes Dyspnea?
Pulmonary congestion
86
What causes Chronic congestion of the liver?
Right heart failure
87
What is occluded which sometimes cause chronic congestion in liver? (2 points)
Inferior vena cava
| Hepatic vein
88
Describe the liver when chronic congestion occurs in it (2 points)
Enlarged
| Tender
89
Describe the capsule of the liver when chronic congestion occurs in it
Tense
90
What does the liver look like when in the cut section when chronic congestion occurs in it?
Nutmeg
91
Describe the appearance of the liver that causes it to look like nutmeg when chronic congestion occurs in it
Mottled
92
What are the 2 colors of the mottled liver?
Red
| Yellow
93
What are congested causing this red and yellow mottled appearance? (2 points)
Center of lobules
| Fatty peripheral zone
94
What causes the change of chronic congestion that occurs in the liver, under the microscope?
Sever Hypoxia
95
Which zone is the severe Hypoxia of chronic congestion in liver more marked in, under the microscope?
Centrilobular
96
What are the 2 changes that occur in chronic congestion in liver due to severe hypoxia, under the microscope?
Distention
| Filling with blood
97
What are distended and filled with blood in the chronic congestion of the liver, under the microscope? (2 points)
Central veins
| Adjacent sinusoids
98
What undergo changes in the chronic congestion of the liver, under the microscope?
Centrilobular hepatocytes
99
Describe these changes
Degenerative
100
What will eventually be seen in these centrilobular hepatocytes?
Centrilobular hemorrhagic necrosis
101
What is seen in the chronic congestion of the liver in the long-standing cases under the microscope? (2 points)
Fine centrilobular fibrosis
| Hepatocytes regeneration
102
What do the fine centrilobular fibrosis and hepatocytes regeneration cause?
Hepatic cirrhosis
103
Which zone of lobule is the severe Hypoxia of chronic congestion in liver less marked in, under the microscope?
Peripheral
104
What is also seen in the peripheral zone of the lobules?
Fatty change
105
Where is the fatty change seen in?
Hepatocytes
106
What are the 2 causes of chronic congestion of the spleen?
Right heart failure
| Portal hypertension
107
What causes right heart failure and
| portal hypertension that lead to chronic congestion of the spleen?
Hepatic cirrhosis
108
Describe the size of the spleen in the early stages of chronic congestion
Slightly to moderately enlarged
109
What is the size of the spleen in chronic congestion?
Up to 250g
110
What is the normal size of the spleen?
150g
111
Describe the enlargement in long-standing cases
Progressive
112
What is the rage of size of spleen in chronic congestion in long-standing cases?
Up to 500g-1000g
113
Describe the spleen in the long-standing cases of chronic congestion (3 points)
Congested
Tense
Cyanotic
114
What is seen in the spleen in chronic congestion ,under the microscope?
(3 points)
Red pulp
Hyperplasia
Deposits
115
What is the red pulp congested with?
Marked sinusoidal dilatation
116
What occurs in the red pulp?
Hyperplasia
117
Which cells does the hyperplasia occur in?
Reticuloendothelial cells
118
What get deposits?
Hemorrhages
119
What do these hemorrhages which get deposits overlay?
Fibrous tissue
120
What are these 2 deposits which some of the hemorrhages that overlay the fibrous tissue get?
Hemosiderin pigment
| Calcium salts
121
What are these organized structures known as? (2 points)
Gamna-Gandy bodies
| Siderofibrotic nodules
