Chapter 36- Bones Muscles And Skin

Question 1

How many bones in the human body

Answer 1

206

Question 2

Articulation

Answer 2

When bones touch/come close to each other

Question 3

Purpose of skeleton

Answer 3

Give structure and protection organs, provides for movement, mineral reserves, and blood production in the hollow spaces of the hip and femur sternum and vertebrae

Question 4

The two groups of the skeleton

Answer 4

Axial

Peripheral/appendicular

Question 5

Sutures

Answer 5

Immovable joints in cranium

Question 6

Clavicle

Answer 6

Collar bone, very easily broken and dangerous when broken bc shoulder collapses and the broken piece could descend through the ribs and cut the aeortic arch so they put your arm in a sling so that doesn’t happen

Question 7

Sternum

Answer 7

3 sub bones, hollow for blood production

Question 8

Ribs

Answer 8

Cartilage attach most to sternum

Question 9

True ribs

Answer 9

Too 7 ribs on both sides they have cartilage and attach directly to the sternum

Question 10

False ribs

Answer 10

The bottom five ribs that have cartilage that attaches to other cartilage that attaches to the sternum

Question 11

Floating ribs

Answer 11

The last two false ribs that have no cartilage and protect the kidneys

Question 12

Scapula

Answer 12

Shoulder (has lots of processes)

Question 13

Spinal cord groups

Answer 13

The first 6 vertebrae are called cervical vertebrae (c1-c6).
The thorax vertebrae are next (T1-T6)
The 5 lumbar vertebrae are next

Question 14

Sacrum and Coccus

Answer 14

Below the spinal cord
Sacrum-5 bones
Coccus -tailbone 3 bones

Question 15

Four types of joints

Answer 15

Saddle
Pivot
Hinge
Ball and socket

Question 16

Hinge joints

Answer 16

Elbows and knees, only move One Direction

Question 17

Pivot joints

Answer 17

Lower arm

Question 18

Ball and socket joints

Answer 18

Allow for comical movement (movement in shape of a cone) in hip and femur and shoulders

Question 19

Saddle joints

Answer 19

Two bones that can slide two ways in wrists and feet

Question 20

Tibia

Answer 20

Thick bone in lower leg that supports weight

Question 21

Fibula

Answer 21

Attached to muscles that allow you to turn your foot

Question 22

Radius and ulna

Answer 22

Lower arm bones that are both about the same thickness. When I’m anatomical position the radius is on the outside the ulna is in the inside

Question 23

Bones in wrist and hand

Answer 23

Carpals- 8bones in wrist
Metacarpals
Phalanges- fingers 14 in each hand

Question 24

Bones in foot

Answer 24

Tarsals
Metatarsals- bones in top of foot beyond tarsals
Phalanges- toes 14 in each foot

Question 25

Ligaments

Answer 25

Connect bone to bone

Question 26

Tendons

Answer 26

Connect muscles to bones

Question 27

Spongy bone

Answer 27

Inner bone where bloood production occurs in its hollow spaces

Question 28

Osteocytes

Answer 28

Bone cells (there are two types)-osteoblasts and osteoclasts

Question 29

Osteoblasts

Answer 29

Make new bone

Question 30

Osteoclasts

Answer 30

Eat away old bone

Question 31

Bones

Answer 31

A solid network of living cells and protein fibers that are surrounded by deposits of calcium salts

Question 32

Compact bones

Answer 32

Lines the whole outside of bone

Question 33

Haversian canals

Answer 33

Tubes with arteries and veins

Question 34

Marrow

Answer 34

Fills the hollow center of bone fats for energy for fast grow by red and white blood cells

Question 35

Periosteum

Answer 35

The leathery coating on. The outside of bones protects and lubricates it rots I’m dead people

Question 36

Cartilage

Answer 36

Flexible connective tissue all bones have this. Cartilage on the end of bones is called articulate cartilage to orvevnt rubbing

Question 37

Ossification

Answer 37

The process of converting cartilage to bone it occurs in babies and when bones break. Converting done by osteocytes

Question 38

Five types of broken bones

Answer 38

``` Simple Buckl Crushed Green stick Compound ```

Question 39

Autoimmune disease

Answer 39

Body attacks its own tissue

Question 40

4 stages of the healing process for a break

Answer 40

1. Bleeding/clotting (clotting due to fibrin) because blood flows in Haversian canals 2. Osteoblasts leave other parts of the body to come to the location of a break to convert the fibrin to cartilage 3. Osteoblasts concert cartilage to bones in ab 8 weeks 4. Osteoblasts way away unnecessary bone

Question 41

Three types of muscles

Answer 41

Skeletal Smooth Cardiac

Question 42

Skeletal muscle

Answer 42

Voluntary- we have control of them. They’re called skeletal bc they’re attached to bone. This type makes up 90% of our muscle tissue. This type is striated which means it has lines that are based upon 2 major proteins found in the muscles=actin and myosin

Question 43

Smooth muscle

Answer 43

This is the muscle found around the bladder arteries uterus and other places. It’s is slow acting but powerful. It causes vasoconstriction and vasodilation

Question 44

Cardiac muscle

Answer 44

The most efficient muscle in the body because of the large amount of blood flow that allows it to easily get rid of toxins. It’s also striated like skeletal

Question 45

Creatinine phosphokinase

Answer 45

CPK, this is the enzyme in all muscles. A normal level is 20-70 IU. It leaked into the blood stream as old muscle cells die

Question 46

Tetani

Answer 46

Muscles won’t contract anymore. It happens bc the muscles get oxygen deficient so they produce the lactic acid which takes the muscles to tetani

Question 47

A fascicle

Answer 47

Bundle of muscle fibers which are cells that can be very long

Question 48

Microfibril

Answer 48

Hold long chains of proteins called actin and myosin

Question 49

The sliding filament theory

Answer 49

ATP is the energy source for the myosin to attach itself to the actin but Tropomyosin blocks this action. However calcium comes to push it out-of-the-way, the myosin hook onto the Actin And the actin side passed the myosin which contracts and muscle

Question 50

Sacromere

Answer 50

The smallest functional piece of muscle

Question 51

Neuromuscular junction

Answer 51

Has chemicals that convert electrical signal to chemicals signal called neurotransmitters

Question 52

The most common neurotransmitter

Answer 52

Acetylcholine

Question 53

The all or nothing phenomenon

Answer 53

Muscle fibers are always either contracting or not. There is no in between. However, not all muscle fibers have to contract at the same time. If you’re lifting something light that only needs about 10% of the fibers only 1/10 contract. When those 1/10 get tired they turn off and a different 10% contract

Question 54

Skin

Answer 54

The largest organ in the body, part of the integumentary system and helps us maintain homeostasis

Question 55

The two main layers of skin

Answer 55

Epidermis and dermis

Question 56

Layer of tissue under dermis

Answer 56

Subcutaneous adipose tissue

Question 57

The basale layer

Answer 57

Where new cells are made. It’s well nourished in order to maintain rapid growth as the cells are made it pushes the old layer up. By doing this they move farther from oxygen food and they eventually die

Question 58

The protein that makes up skin cells

Answer 58

Keratin

Question 59

The corneum layer

Answer 59

Dead cells that fall off. Called to horny layer because the cells curl up at the end bc they’re shriveled

Question 60

Subaceous glands

Answer 60

Produce sebum which is an oily residue

Question 61

Three types of skin cancer

Answer 61

Basal Squamous Melanoma

Question 62

Melanocytes

Answer 62

Cells that produce melanin that produces pigment to color skin

Question 63

Cancer in melanocytes

Answer 63

Melanoma

Question 64

Carcinoma

Answer 64

Means cancer

Question 65

Metastasis

Answer 65

The term for when cancer has spread