Chapter 40: The Immune System And Disease

Question 1

Disease

Answer 1

Anything that damages or disrupts the body negatively

Question 2

Louis Pasteur and Robert coch

Answer 2

Came up with the concept of germ theory of disease by using microscopes

Question 3

5 types of pathogens

Answer 3

Bacteria 
Viruses 
Mold/fungus 
Parasite 
Prions

Question 4

Cochs postulates

Answer 4

1. A pathogen is always found in the body of a sick person, but not in healthy people
2. A pathogen must be isolated and grown in a pure culture
3. Cultures pathogens and places in a healthy animal. It’ should cause the same disease that the original pathogen did
4. The injected pathogen should be isolated from the second host (grow the bacteria to double check if it’s identical to the original pathogen)

Question 5

Bacteria

Answer 5

Mostly harmless, need food right temperature and good environment to grow

Question 6

Viruses

Answer 6

Tiny particles that aren’t alive. When they replicate in a cell the cell bursts and kills it

Question 7

Types of bacteria

Answer 7

Enterotoxins

Neurotoxins

Question 8

Enterotoxins

Answer 8

Dangerous bacteria that kill neighboring cells. An example would be staphylococcus aureus. It releases a chemical that destroys cells. A strain of this is methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Can be deadly if the doctors can’t stop the infection.

Question 9

Neurotoxins

Answer 9

Get in blood and destroy synapses. An example is clostridium tetani you get it when u step on something rusty bc an abases forms and releases the neurotoxin. (When metal rusts it rusts in layers. In between the layers is an anerobic environment where bacteria can grow )

Question 10

Facultative anaerobes

Answer 10

Bacteria that can survive in the presence of oxygen but prefer no oxygen

Question 11

Protists

Answer 11

Multicellular pathogens that Incase red blood cells and reproduce inside them. The cells burst and the protists are released into the blood stream and make u very sick

Question 12

Tympanosomes

Answer 12

Worms that live in the bloodstream of vertebrate animals

Question 13

Ascaris

Answer 13

Tympanosome (round worm) that live in instesines and can break out and go to your bile duct where ur liver is.

Question 14

Giardia lambia

Answer 14

Montezumas revenge

Question 15

Ways that disease is spread

Answer 15

Physical contact
Contaminated food
Infected animals

Question 16

Vectors

Answer 16

Things that carry pathogens from person to person

Question 17

Antibiotics

Answer 17

Drugs that kill bacteria without harming cells of the host. The bacteria eats the antibiotic ( protein) and the protein gets incorporated into the skin of the bacteria. As the bacteria grows the skin stretches and it tears bc the skin is weak where the antibiotic protein is and the bacteria bursts and dies

Question 18

Yersinia pestis

Answer 18

Carried by rats, created powerful toxins that destroy neighboring cells

Question 19

Antiseptics

Answer 19

Kill bacteria outside of the body

Question 20

Immunity

Answer 20

The ability to fight off pathogens

Question 21

Types of immunity

Answer 21

Nonspecific defenses
Immune response
Specific defenses

Question 22

Nonspecific defenses

Answer 22

Not for any particular pathogens.
Example: the acid nature of skin prevents bacteria from growing and mucus saliva and tears produce lysezyme which is a chemical tha lyses bacteria

Question 23

Immune response

Answer 23

Specifically inflammatory response: things swell when you cut yourself bc the fluid from plasma floods into tissues to keep things packed tightly to prevent injury and bones from moving.
White blood cells squeeze outta capillary walls and move toward the place of injury and start eating foreign substance

Question 24

Specific defenses

Answer 24

Humoral and passive immunity

Question 25

Humoral immunity

Answer 25

(Humor-fluid filled space) for humans it’s in our bone marrow. Responsible for producing antibodies

Question 26

Passive immunity

Answer 26

Can be natural or acquired. It’s gained naturally when babies are breast fed bc the receive antibodies from mom or when a baby is born and antibodies cross the placenta. It is acquired when rhogam (an injection of antibodies is given). Acquired passive immunity is simply when u get antibodies from an outside source

Question 27

Antigen

Answer 27

Foreign protein that antibodies attach to

Question 28

Cell mediated immunity

Answer 28

The t lymphocytes that know about the type of invader go to the macrophage (a lathe granuoclyte) where it gets converted to a killer T cell which is a lymphocyte programmed to go after only one antigen

Question 29

Allergies

Answer 29

Immune response against foreign protein usually things you’ve inhaled. When protein gets into your mucus membranes your eyes water, you cough and sneeze in

Question 30

Histamine

Answer 30

The things that cause swelling. As a group called MAST cells which have granules that release histamines that cause allergies

Question 31

RAST test

Answer 31

Rapid antigen stimulation test

Question 32

Anaphylactic shock

Answer 32

Antigens are in the blood stream. They might result in your airways closing and death. Epinephrine pens are given to people with severe allergies to countereact the stop the anaphylactic shock

Question 33

Lupus

Answer 33

Only attacks women’s connective tissues makes them look like they have a goggle tan

Question 34

AIDS hiv

Answer 34

HIV is the virus that destroys your immune system and then a disease kills you. There is no cure. HIV stands for human immno deficiency. It’s called aids when you start showing symptoms