Chapter 4 #1 - Differential Diagnosis - AI Powered Flashcards
(92 cards)
1
Q
What is the primary focus of the chapter on Differential Diagnosis of Language Disturbance in Adults?
A
The process of diagnosing language disorders and how they may coincide with other impairments.
2
Q
What are the primary goals of the chapter?
A
- Highlight the importance of considering language impairments within broader cognitive contexts
- Present various types of disorders presenting with acquired language impairments
- Provide case examples illustrating diagnostic challenges
3
Q
What are the five primary domains of cognition important for evaluating language disorders?
A
- Attention
- Executive functions
- Language
- Memory
- Visuospatial skills
4
Q
True or False: Language exists in a cognitive vacuum.
A
False
5
Q
What is attention in the context of cognitive processes?
A
The ability to maintain a coherent line of thought or action.
6
Q
How is attention different from arousal?
A
Arousal is the degree of wakefulness, while attention is a complex capacity requiring coherence of thought.
7
Q
What are the two mechanisms for passive attention?
A
- Startle response
- Orienting response
8
Q
Define sustained attention.
A
Maintenance of a consistent behavioral response during continuous and repetitive activity.
9
Q
What does selective attention allow an individual to do?
A
Enhance processing of attended stimuli while filtering out irrelevant stimuli.
10
Q
What is divided attention?
A
The ability to attend to multiple activities or components within a task simultaneously.
11
Q
Fill in the blank: Executive attention is also referred to as _______.
A
[attentional control]
12
Q
What is the role of the diffuse attentional system (DAS)?
A
Maintaining a tonic level of attention for monitoring sensory events.
13
Q
Which brain structures are primarily involved in the diffuse attentional system?
A
- Thalamus
- Cerebral hemispheres
14
Q
How does the right hemisphere relate to attention?
A
Right hemisphere lesions are associated with more severe and lasting attentional disorders.
15
Q
What are executive functions considered to be?
A
The highest level of human cognition critical for nonroutine, productive activities.
16
Q
List some skills included under executive functions.
A
- Perceiving stimuli
- Responding adaptively
- Flexibly changing direction of response
- Establishing future goals
- Considering consequences
17
Q
What regions of the brain are primarily associated with executive functions?
A
Prefrontal regions of the frontal lobes.
18
Q
What is the significance of understanding cognition for speech-language pathologists?
A
To effectively diagnose and treat language disorders.
19
Q
What are executive functions critical for?
A
Problem solving
Executive functions require reasoning skills, which are essential in various activities, including planning events.
20
Q
Which brain region is primarily associated with executive functions?
A
Prefrontal regions of the frontal lobes
Executive functions are sometimes referred to as frontal lobe behaviors.
21
Q
What is dysexecutive syndrome associated with?
A
Frontal lobe damage
Damage to subcortical structures can also impair executive functioning.
22
Q
What are the three components of language according to Bloom and Lahey?
A
Form, content, and use
23
Q
What does phonology refer to in language?
A
Speech sounds or phonemes and their combination rules
24
Q
Define morphology in the context of language.
A
Rules that govern words at the most basic level of meaning: the morpheme
25
What is the role of syntax in language?
Governs word order and acceptable combinations and sequences of words
26
What does semantics refer to in language?
Conceptual knowledge and the knowledge of meaning
27
What is language pragmatics?
The rules that allow us to use language appropriately in social contexts
28
Where is the zone of language primarily located?
Left hemisphere surrounding the sylvian fissure
29
What are Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas responsible for?
Broca’s area: verbal expression; Wernicke’s area: attaching meaning to verbal messages
30
What is the difference between nondeclarative and declarative memory?
Nondeclarative memory is less accessible to conscious recollection; declarative memory involves facts that can be stated.
31
What are the two forms of nondeclarative memory?
Procedural memory and implicit memory
32
What is procedural memory used for?
Acquisition of skills and habits through repeated practice
33
Define implicit memory.
Memory that does not require awareness of the learning episode
34
What are the two types of declarative memory?
Episodic memory and semantic memory
35
What is episodic memory?
Memory of personal past experiences, often referred to as autobiographical memory
36
What does semantic memory involve?
Acquisition and retention of factual information not tied to a specific context
37
What is working memory?
A form of memory used for short-term storage and manipulation of information
38
What brain structure is primarily associated with working memory?
Prefrontal cortex
39
What are visuospatial skills?
Higher-level visual processes that allow discrimination and analysis of spatial components
40
What are the two main components of visuospatial skills?
Visuoperception and visuoconstruction
41
What does visuoperception involve?
Ability to discriminate, identify, synthesize, and analyze visual forms
42
Define visuoconstruction.
Combining visual perception skills with motor responses to manipulate and depict objects
43
What are the differential influences of the right and left cerebral hemispheres on visuospatial skills?
The right hemisphere is more engaged in the distribution of spatial attention and perceiving global structure, while the left hemisphere is more engaged in the perception and production of elements of structures.
44
What visual processing issues are associated with right hemisphere damage?
Visual dissociation and neglect are more commonly associated with right hemisphere damage, particularly in the ventral and occipitotemporal region.
45
Which brain areas are involved in mental rotation and visuospatial skills?
The right corpus striatum for mental rotation, and the caudate nucleus and putamen as part of the cortical-subcortical network for integrating visuoperceptual and visuoconstruction processes.
46
What is the 'process approach' in assessing language disorders?
The process approach refers to a diagnostic mindset where all aspects of behavior are carefully observed and recorded during an evaluation session.
47
What types of behaviors are noted during the process approach?
Behaviors noted include response time, nature of errors, relationships between responses, and how behavior is affected by environmental context.
48
What is task analysis in the context of speech-language pathology?
Task analysis involves determining the cognitive processes required by a task, such as verbal working memory or visuoconstruction skills.
49
Fill in the blank: The __________ is a standardized measure used to evaluate auditory comprehension of single words.
Boston Diagnostic Aphasia Examination-3 (BDAE-3)
50
Why might a clinician observe both on-task and off-task behaviors during assessment?
To gain deeper insights into the individual's performance and identify patterns in responses.
51
What discrepancy was noted in the evaluation of a woman with suspected aphasia post-stroke?
She pointed to only 6 of 30 items correctly on auditory comprehension but spontaneously repeated 25 of 30 words.
52
True or False: The process approach allows for a more nuanced interpretation of performance than simply stating accuracy scores.
True
53
What is the significance of including both language and nonverbal cognitive skills in assessments?
To ensure that poor performance is not misattributed to language impairment when it could be due to executive system dysfunction or nonverbal cognitive deficits.
54
List three standardized assessments used for evaluating acquired language disorders.
* Boston Diagnostic Aphasia Examination-3 (BDAE-3)
* Western Aphasia Battery-Revised (WAB-R)
* Cognitive Linguistic Quick Test (CLQT)
55
What is the purpose of the Cognitive Linguistic Quick Test (CLQT)?
To assess language ability and nonverbal cognitive abilities in attention, memory, executive functioning, and visuospatial skills.
56
What does the Western Aphasia Battery (WAB) assess?
Auditory comprehension, verbal expression, reading, and writing in people with aphasia.
57
Fill in the blank: The __________ was designed for people with traumatic brain injury and assesses executive functioning.
Behavioral Assessment of the Dysexecutive Syndrome (BADS)
58
What does the Boston Assessment of Severe Aphasia (BASA) evaluate?
Both verbal and gestural responses, including auditory comprehension, reading comprehension, and gestural production.
59
What is the aim of the Communicative Effectiveness Index (CETI)?
To assess functional communication through a checklist filled out by caregivers.
60
True or False: The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS-IV) provides scores for both Verbal IQ and Performance IQ.
True
61
What is the focus of the Psycholinguistic Assessments of Language Processing in Aphasia (PALPA)?
To utilize a psycholinguistic model approach with sixty subtests.
62
What does the Reading Comprehension Battery for Aphasia-2 (RCBA-2) include?
Reading comprehension and oral reading subtests from single words to paragraph length.
63
What does the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) assess?
Mental status, including language and cognition
## Footnote
Developed by MF Folstein, SE Folstein, & PR McHugh in 1975
64
What is the purpose of the Mini Inventory of Right Brain Injury–Second Edition (MIRBI-2)?
Screens for neurocognitive deficits associated with right hemisphere lesions
## Footnote
Created by P Pimental & J Knight in 2000
65
What does the Arizona Battery for Communication Disorders of Dementia (ABCD) evaluate?
Linguistic expression, linguistic comprehension, verbal episodic memory, visuospatial construction, and mental status
## Footnote
Developed by K Bayles & C Tomoeda in 1993
66
What is an informal bedside assessment in medical speech-language pathology?
A preliminary evaluation conducted to assess cognitive-linguistic functioning using a flexible approach
67
What are the core tasks in an informal bedside assessment of language?
Obtain discourse sample, assess auditory comprehension skills, assess naming skills, assess repetition skills
## Footnote
Sample items include asking patients to follow commands or name objects
68
Fill in the blank: The core task to assess auditory comprehension includes commands like '______'.
Sit up straight
69
What is assessed in the naming skills task using a standard watch?
Identifying parts of the watch such as the band, buckle, and face
70
What does the 'prospective memory task' assess in nonverbal cognition?
The ability to encode and retrieve a new memory about the location of a hidden item
71
What is the purpose of the clock drawing task?
To assess visual planning and graphomotor ability
## Footnote
Requires auditory comprehension of complex instructions
72
What does line bisection assess?
Visual scanning and visual analysis to detect visual hemi-attention deficits
73
What is assessed through repeated graphomotor patterns?
Visual analysis and graphomotor control, and detection of perseveration in graphomotor production
74
What does figure copying and drawing assess?
The ability to represent two dimensions in a drawing from a model
75
Fill in the blank: The visual memory pointing span task assesses _______.
Forward visual sequential memory pointing span
76
What does the simple trails task assess?
Visual scanning and visual analysis while maintaining an over-learned linguistic sequence
77
True or False: The informal bedside assessment can only be conducted with formal assessment tools.
False
78
What should be included in an informal assessment of language functions?
Tasks evaluating attention, memory, executive function, and visuospatial processing
79
What is the optional task in assessing naming skills?
Generative naming, such as naming as many different animals as possible in one minute
80
What is the key requirement for the prospective memory task?
The examinee must remember the location of a hidden item after a delay
81
What instructions are given in the clock drawing task?
Draw a clock, put in all the numbers, and set the hands at 10 minutes after 11
82
What is the purpose of assessing singing during an evaluation?
To determine if singing helps improve speech
83
What task involves writing numbers from 1 to 9 in random locations and connecting them in order?
Assesses visual scanning and visual analysis
## Footnote
This task evaluates the ability to maintain a visually-based sequence while producing a graphomotor response.
84
What is the purpose of drawing eight circles of increasing size?
Assesses visual scanning and visual analysis
## Footnote
The task requires connecting the circles in order of increasing size.
85
What cognitive skills does generating novel sequences of three items assess?
Cognitive flexibility and self-monitoring
## Footnote
This task involves graphomotor production from a model.
86
What shapes are used in the task for generating novel sequences?
Square, circle, triangle, star
## Footnote
The examinee must draw these shapes in varying sequences.
87
What does the prospective memory task assess?
The ability to retrieve a memory about the location of a hidden item after a delay of 10–20 minutes
## Footnote
This task involves recalling where a dollar was hidden.
88
Fill in the blank: The task of connecting numbers assesses _______.
visual scanning and visual analysis
89
True or False: The examinee must connect circles in order of decreasing size.
False
## Footnote
The circles must be connected in order of increasing size.
90
What should the examiner do if the examinee fails to point to the correct location of the hidden dollar?
Retrieve it yourself
91
What is the minimum number of trials for drawing different sequences?
Four trials
92
What should be demonstrated to the examinee before starting the graphomotor tasks?
How to connect the numbers or circles as required
