Lecture 4 - Neurology Basics #2 - AI Powered Questions

Question 1

What are the four ventricles of the brain?

Answer 1

The laterals, third ventricle, fourth ventricle

The laterals are two lateral ventricles, the third is located between the left and right thalamus, and the fourth is in the brainstem.

Question 2

What is the primary function of cerebral spinal fluid (CSF)?

Answer 2

To protect the brain, provide buoyancy, and maintain chemical stability

CSF cushions the brain from impacts, reduces its net weight, and supplies nutrients while removing metabolic waste.

Question 3

How is CSF produced?

Answer 3

It is produced in the ventricles of the brain from plasma in the bloodstream.

Question 4

What procedure is used to test for infections in the central nervous system?

Answer 4

Lumbar puncture

This involves inserting a needle through the vertebrae to withdraw CSF for chemical testing.

Question 5

What is the primary role of the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?

Answer 5

To bring in sensory information and take motor commands to muscles.

Question 6

What are the main components of the peripheral nervous system?

Answer 6

Spinal nerves and cranial nerves.

Question 7

How many pairs of cranial nerves are there?

Answer 7

12 pairs.

Question 8

Which cranial nerve is responsible for facial expression and taste sensation?

Answer 8

Cranial nerve number seven (facial nerve).

Question 9

What is the direct activation pathway also known as?

Answer 9

The pyramidal system.

Question 10

What are the two main tracts of the direct activation pathway?

Answer 10

Cortico-bulbar tract and corticospinal tract.

Question 11

What does the cortico-bulbar tract connect?

Answer 11

The cortex to the nuclei of the cranial nerves.

Question 12

What does the corticospinal tract connect?

Answer 12

The cortex to the spinal cord.

Question 13

True or False: The left side of the brain controls the left side of the body.

Answer 13

False.

Question 14

What is the indirect activation pathway also called?

Answer 14

The extrapyramidal system.

Question 15

Which structure is important for motor learning in the indirect activation pathway?

Answer 15

Cerebellum.

Question 16

What is the role of the cerebellum in skilled motor activities?

Answer 16

To correct errors between planned and actual movements.

Question 17

What do the basal ganglia help with in movement?

Answer 17

Sequencing complex movements and coordination.

Question 18

What are upper motor neurons?

Answer 18

Neurons contained entirely within the central nervous system.

Question 19

Where do lower motor neurons originate?

Answer 19

In the spinal cord or brainstem.

Question 20

What is the final common pathway?

Answer 20

The pathway through which lower motor neurons connect to muscles.

Question 21

What neurotransmitter is released at the neuromuscular junction?

Answer 21

Acetylcholine.

Question 22

What is the function of the neuromuscular junction?

Answer 22

To connect lower motor neurons to muscle fibers.

Question 23

Fill in the blank: The _______ is a special type of synapse that allows a nerve to connect to a muscle fiber.

Answer 23

neuromuscular junction.

Question 24

What is the role of lower motor neurons in muscle contraction?

Answer 24

To activate muscles when the nerve is stimulated.

Question 25

What is the neuromuscular junction?

Answer 25

A special kind of synapse connecting a lower motor neuron to a muscle fiber.

Question 26

What effect does acetylcholine have on muscle fibers?

Answer 26

It causes electrochemical events leading to muscle contraction.

Question 27

How does Botox affect the neuromuscular junction?

Answer 27

It is a toxin that destroys the neuromuscular junction.

Question 28

How often do patients typically need Botox injections?

Answer 28

Every four to six months.

Question 29

What is a motor unit?

Answer 29

A lower motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates.

Question 30

What happens as the axon of a motor neuron approaches a muscle?

Answer 30

It branches to form multiple contacts with muscle fibers.

Question 31

What is the innervation ratio?

Answer 31

The number of muscle fibers innervated by a single motor neuron.

Question 32

What characterizes a motor unit that controls fine motor skills?

Answer 32

A low innervation ratio, with one neuron innervating a small number of fibers.

Question 33

What is evaluated during a neurological assessment?

Answer 33

Function of cranial nerves, muscle tone, reflexes, sensation, and movement.

Question 34

What tasks might a neurologist ask a patient to perform during an assessment?

Answer 34

Following a light, testing tongue strength, and checking pupil response.

Question 35

What does flaccidity refer to in muscle tone?

Answer 35

Low muscle tone.

Question 36

What is spasticity?

Answer 36

Excessive muscle tone and easily triggered reflexes.

Question 37

What types of sensations are tested during a neurological assessment?

Answer 37

Pain, vibration, temperature, and light touch.

Question 38

What abnormal movements might a neurologist look for?

Answer 38

Tremors, spasms, or tics.

Question 39

What is EMG in the context of neurological assessment?

Answer 39

Electromyography, measuring electrical activity in muscles.

Question 40

True or False: A neurologist solely relies on instrumentation during an assessment.

Answer 40

False.

Question 41

Fill in the blank: A skilled neurologist uses their clinical knowledge to arrive at a _______.

Answer 41

[diagnosis].