chapter 4 5 6 7 Flashcards
(129 cards)
1
Q
List, in order, the list of how life is organized from cell to organ systems
A
cells
tissue
organs
organ system
2
Q
group of cells of a similar type that work together to serve a common function
A
tissues
3
Q
covers body surfaces, lines body cavities and organs, and forms glands
A
epithelial
4
Q
covers skin
A
epithelial
5
Q
provides body and its organs with protection and support serves as storage site for fat; plays role in immunity
A
connective tissue
6
Q
two types of connective tissue
A
connective tissue proper
specialized connective tissue
7
Q
blood, bone, cartilage, adipose tissue
A
connective
8
Q
responsible for body movement and movement of substances through the body
A
muscle
9
Q
skeletal, cardiac, and smooth
A
muscle tissue
10
Q
conducts nerve impulses from one part of the body to another
A
nervous tissue
11
Q
brain, spinal cord, and nerves
A
nervous tissue
12
Q
Indicate the most abundant and widely distributed type of tissue
A
connective tissue
13
Q
3 basic components of all connective tissues
A
ground substance, fibers, and cells
14
Q
List the 2 categories of connective tissues
A
connective tissue proper
specialized connective tissue
15
Q
example of connective tissue proper
A
loose CT, adipose CT, dense CT
16
Q
example of specialized connective tissue
A
blood bone cartilage
17
Q
3 types of muscle tissue
A
skeletal cardiac smooth
18
Q
attached to bones
A
skeletal
19
Q
in walls of hollow organs
A
smooth
20
Q
only found in heart
A
cardiac
21
Q
moves body
A
skeletal
22
Q
responsible for pumping blood to the rest of the body
A
cardiac
23
Q
propels substances or objects through internal passageways
A
smooth
24
Q
voluntary
A
skeletal
25
involuntary
smooth and cardiac
26
location of the nervous tissue
brain spinal cord and nerves
27
List the 11 organ systems in the human body.
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integumentary
skeletal
muscular
nervous
endocrine
cardiovascular
lymphatic
respiratory
digestive
urinary
reproductive
```
28
consists of skin, hair, nails, sweat and oil glands
integumentary system
29
functions of integumentary system
protection
temperature regulation
produces vitamin D
contains senses
30
3 layers of skin
epidermis
dermis
hypodermis
31
outermost layer
epidermis
32
forms a protective barrier against environmental hazards
epidermis
33
in the epidermis what is there a lot of
mitosis-----bottom layer of cells
34
much thicker than epidermis and is primarily connective tissue
dermis
35
contains blood vessels, hair follicles, oil glands, sweat glands, sensory structures, and nerve endings
dermis
36
below dermis
hypodermis
37
is mostly fat
hypodermis
38
Explain how part of the skin is dead yet we still make more.
bottom layer of cells---lots of mitosis
39
function of hypodermis
cushion, insulation
40
List and describe the 2 factors that produce skin color.
melanin and circulation
41
Describe the physiological function of tanning
increase production of melanin to radiation-protective
42
ability to maintain a relatively stable internal environment
homeostasis
43
List the 2 organ systems that maintain homeostasis in the human body.
nervous and endocrine
44
Describe what happens when homeostasis fails.
illness or death. ex. diabetes
45
measures to reverse changes back to "normal"
negative feedback mechanisms
46
examples of negative feedback mechanisms
blood glucose, body temp, blood pH
47
List the 6 functions of bones.
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support
movement
protection
storage of minerals
storage of fat
blood cell formation
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48
List some examples of bones used for protection.
skull, sternum, ribs
49
What minerals are stored in bones?
calcium and phosphorus
50
Where are blood cells formed?
in bone marrow
51
on outside of all bones and is dense
compact bone
52
in flat bones and ends of long bones
spongy bone
53
filled with red bone marrow and where blood cells are made
spongy bone
54
latticework of bony plates
spongy bone
55
spongy bone is filled with this and it is where rbc are made
red bone marrow
56
for fat storage
yellow bone marrow
57
Explain why bone is a living tissue
has many cells-osteocytes and lots of blood vessels
58
Describe how our bony skeleton develops.
first is cartilage-flexible and grows quickly. then is replaced with bone
59
allows bone growth and is stimulated by growth hormone and sex hormones
growth plate
60
what is the fate of growth plates
become bone and there is no more growth
61
the process of continuously recycling and renewing
bone remodeling
62
Describe what influences bone remodeling.
hormonal, exercise , and nutrition
63
how many bones do we have
206
64
80 bones
axial
65
126 bones
appendicular
66
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pectoral girdle (scapular-2 and clavicle-2)
upper limbs (60)
pelvic bone (2)
lower limbs (60)
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appendicular
67
```
skull (22)
hyoid bone (1)
auditory ossicles (6)
vertebral column (26)
thoracic cage (25)
```
axial
68
membranous areas between cranial bones in infantile skull
frontanels
69
function of frontanels
compression of skull to pass through birth canal and skull to accommodate growing brain
70
places where bones meet
joints
71
three types of movement allowed in joints
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no movement (sutures)
slight movement (between vertebrae)
free movement (synovial joints)
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72
five functions of skeletal muscles
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movement
posture
support internal organs
move blood and lymph
generates heart
```
73
how many skeletal muscles do we have
more than 600
74
largest muscle
gluteous maximus
75
longest
sartorius
76
strongest
masseter, heart, soleus, gluteus maximus
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most flexible
tongue
78
most active
eye muscle
79
Indicate the function of the nervous system.
integrates and coordinates all the bodys varied activities
80
what are the two types of specialized cells in the nervous system
neurons and neuroglial
81
example of neurons
generate and transmit messages
82
example of neuroglial
support and protect neurons
83
list 3 categories of neurons
sensory
motor
interneurons
84
conduct information toward brain and spinal cord
sensory neurons
85
carry information away from brain and spinal cord to an effector
motor neurons
86
integrate and interpret sensory signals
interneurons
87
what are two possible effectors
muscles or glands
88
most numerous of the neurons
interneurons
89
3 main components of a neuron
cell body
axon
dendrites
90
has normal organelles, nucleus, etc
cell body
91
many short, branching projections; receive signals from other cells
dendrites
92
single long extension; carries messages away from cell body to either another cell or to an effector
axon
93
action potential
nerve impulse
94
how does a nerve impulse occur
electrochemical signal causes from Na+ and K+ crossing the neurons membrane to go into and out of the cell
95
chemicals that cause an impulse to move from cell to cell
neurotransmitter
96
junction between a neuron and another cell
synapse
97
4 neurotransmitters
acetylcholine
serotonin
norepinephrine
dopamine
98
triggers skeletal muscle contraction
acetylcholine
99
promotes sense of well being
serotonin
100
energizing good feeling
norepinephrine
101
helps regulate emotions and control complex movement
dopamine
102
List 3 different diseases that are caused by neurotransmitter imbalances
depression, parkinson disease, ADHD
103
neurotransmitter than balances out depression
serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine (decrease)
104
neurotransmitter than balances out parkinson disease
decrease dopamine
105
neurotransmitter than balances out ADHD
decrease norepinephrine and dopamine
106
Name the 2 major divisions of the nervous system
central and peripheral nervous system
107
what is associated with central NS
brain and spinal cord
108
what is associated with peripheral NS
nerves
109
List the 2 major functional divisions of the PNS
somatic NS and autonomic NS
110
directs voluntary movements
somatic NS
111
regulates involuntary bodily activities
autonomic NS
112
List the 2 divisions of the autonomic nervous system
SYMPATHETIC-FIGHT OR FLIGHT
| PARASYMPATHETIC- REST AND DIGEST
113
List the 3 ways in which the CNS is protected.
bone, membranes, fluid cushion
114
3 meninges
dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater
115
where is the cerebrospinal fluid located
between layers of meninges
116
what are the functions of the cerebrospinal fluid
shock absorption
support
nourishment and waste removal
117
serves as the bodys central command center, coordinating, and regulating the bodys other systems
brain
118
6 major parts of the brain
```
cerebrum
thalamus
hypothalamus
cerebellum
brain stem
limbic system
```
119
cerebrum
largest part of the brain
120
higher level of thinking, interpreting sensations, language, decision making, creativity, memory
cerebrum
121
relays information to appropriate higher brain centers
thalamus
122
controls heart rate, breathing rate, body temp, food intake, center for emotions
hypothalamus
123
coordinate voluntary movement with input from joints, muscles, eyes and inner ears
cerebellum
124
consists of medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain
brain stem
125
helps to produce emotions and memory
limbic system
126
2 functions of the spinal cord
conduct messages between brain and body
| serves as a reflex center
127
automatic response to a stimulus
reflex
128
how many spinal nerves are there
31
129
how many cranial nerves are there
12
