chapter 8-13 Flashcards
(159 cards)
1
Q
touch, pressure, hearing, equilibrium
A
mechanoreceptors
2
Q
detect changes in temp
A
thermoreceptors
3
Q
detect changes in light intensity
A
photoreceptors
4
Q
smell and taste
A
chemoreceptors
5
Q
respond to physical or chemical damage to tissues
A
pain receptors
6
Q
Give examples of internal stimuli that receptors can detect.
A
blood pressure, hunger, thirst
7
Q
Give several examples of general senses
A
touch, pressure, vibration
8
Q
three layers of the eyeball
A
outer
middle
inner
9
Q
tough white of eye
A
sclera
10
Q
protection and attachment to eye muscles
A
sclera
11
Q
transparent front of eye
A
cornea
12
Q
function: window of the eye
A
cornea
13
Q
contains blood vessels to supply chemicals and O2 to tissues of the eye
A
choroid
14
Q
color portion of the eye; contains smooth muscle
A
iris
15
Q
function: regulates amount of light entering eye
A
iris
16
Q
opening in center of iris
A
pupil
17
Q
send signal to brain via optic nerve
A
retina
18
Q
for vision in dim light and black and white vision
A
rods
19
Q
for color vision
A
cones
20
Q
transparent, elastic, roundish structure behind iris and pupil
A
lens
21
Q
function: changes shape to allow for focusing
A
lens
22
Q
where are rods and cones found
A
in the retina
23
Q
occurs when lens becomes cloudy or opaque
A
cataracts
24
Q
the receiver
A
outer ear
25
the amplifier
middle ear
26
the transmitter
inner ear
27
gathers sound and channels it
pinna
28
sound is channel from pinna to
external auditory canal
29
vibrates with sound waves and transfers these vibrations to middle ear
tympanic membrane
30
3 bones in the middle ear that picks up sound vibrations from tympanic membrane
malleus, incus, stapes
31
fluid in cochlea (in inner ear)
oval window
32
eustachian tube
auditory tube
33
function is to equalize pressure on both sides of tympanic membrane
auditory tube
34
hearing
cochlea
35
balance and equilibrium
vestibular apparatus
36
eardrum
tympanic membrane
37
water trapped in ear canal and grows bacteria
swimmer ear
38
usually begins with infection of nose and throat
middle ear
39
why are middle ear infections more common in children
straighter and shorter auditory tubes
40
What is the scientific term for smell
olfactory receptors
41
Explain where olfactory receptors are and what stimulates them
nasal cavity; odor molecules (chemicals)
42
2 locations where olfactory messages are sent by the receptors
limbic system and cerebrum
43
connects smell to emotions and memory
limbic system
44
interprets smells
cerebrum
45
detect chemicals dissolved in saliva and sends info to brain
taste buds
46
how long do taste buds last
10 days
47
list 5 primary tastes
sweet, salty, sour, bitter, umami
48
significance of taste of bitter
frequent poison and unpleasant taste
49
3 major functions of blood
transportation
protection
regulation
50
nutrients, gases, and hormones to cells and of wastes to be excreted
transportation
51
WBC against disease causing organisms;
| platelets against excessive bloodless
protection
52
body temperature throughout body
regulation
53
main component of plasma
92% h2o
54
all formed elements of blood are made where
in red bone marrow by stem cells
55
thrombocytes; fx: blood clotting
platelets
56
leukocytes; fx: remove waste and toxins
wbc
57
erythrocytes; fx: pick up O2 in lungs and carry it to body cells
rbc
58
how many different types of wbc are there
5
59
Explain how and why white blood cells leave blood vessels
many squeeze out of blood vessels to site of infection, tissue damages, or inflammation
60
Identify the most numerous type of blood cell in our body
rbc
61
Explain the function of hemoglobin
picks up O2 in lungs and carry it to body cells
62
Explain the function of iron in rbc
binds with O2
63
Describe where old & damaged red blood cells go “to die”
from circ in liver and spleen
64
bloods ability to carry O2 is reduced
anemia
65
symptoms of anemia
fatigue, headaches, dizziness
66
most common cause of anemia
iron
67
viral disease spread by saliva
infectious mononucleosis
68
symptoms of infectious mononucleosis
extreme fatigue, fever, chills
69
what is leukemia
cancer of wbc
70
why is leukemia so harmful
uncontrolled multiplication
71
chemical messengers that head to target cells with specific receptors
hormones
72
Where are hormones made
endocrine cells
73
how do hormones get to their target cells?
diffuse into bloodstream
74
What is the function of the endocrine system?
regulate and coordinate other body systems and thus maintain homeostasis
75
What other system does the same basic function as the endocrine system?
nervous system
76
is made up of 2 lobes (anterior and posterior) and releases different hormones
pituitary
77
connected to pituitary and controls pituitary hormones
hypothalamus
78
major endocrine organs that secrete hormones
parathyroid, adrenal, pineal, thyroid, pancreas??
79
stimulates growth-esp in bones, muscles, and cartilage
growth hormone
80
stimulates mammary glands to produce milk
prolactin hormone
81
stimulates adrenal cortex hormones
adrenocorticotropic
82
stimulates thyroid hormone
thyroid stimulating hormone
83
promotes gamete development in ovaries/testes
follicle stimulating hormone
84
causes ovulation; stimulates sex hormones in ovaries/testes
luteinizing hormone
85
Explain where the 2 hormones of the posterior lobe of the pituitary come from
hypothalamus
86
labor contractions; stimulates milk ejection
oxytocin
87
conserve h2o by decreasing urine output
antidiuretic hormone
88
2 hormones of the posterior lobe of the pituitary
oxytocin and antidiuretic
89
regulates metabolic rate and heat production
T3 and T4
90
decrease calcium in blood
calcitonin
91
3 thyroid glands
T3 and T4 and calctonin
92
Explain what causes a goiter and how it is commonly avoided
decrease in iodine
| UNCOMMON- iodized salt
93
increase calcium in blood
parathyroid hormone
94
antagonist to calcitonin
parathyroid hormone
95
gonadocorticoids, mineralcorticoids, glucocorticoids
adrenal cortex
96
are male and female sex hormones
gonadocorticoids
97
affect mineral homeostasis and water balance
mineralocorticoids
98
affect glucose levels; inhibits inflammatory response
glucocorticoids
99
2 hormones of adrenal medulla
epinephrine and norepinephrine
100
function: fight or flight response
epinephrine and norepinephrine
101
What part of the nervous system do epinephrine and norepinephrine work with?
sympathetic nervous system
102
Explain how the pancreas is both exocrine and endocrine in function
```
digestive enzymes (exocrine)
hormones (endocrine)
```
103
2 hormones of the pancreas
glucagon and insulin
104
increase blood glucose
glucagon
105
decrease blood glucose
insulin
106
increase in blood glucose because either there was a decrease in insulin function or increase in insulin function
diabetes mellitus
107
secretes hormones that play important role in immunity by maturing white blood cells used for immunity (T cells)
thymus gland
108
thymus gland is WHAT in infants
larger in infants and decreases is size as we age
109
hormone in pineal gland
melatonin
110
establishes biological rhythms and triggers sleep
melatonin
111
List the 2 major components of the cardiovascular system
heart and blood vessels
112
What the basic function of the cardiovascular system?
our bodys transportation network
113
List the blood vessels, in order, within the body’s circuit
heart-arteries-arterioles-capillaries-venules-veins-heart
114
tubes that transport blood away from heart
arteries
115
exchange of materials between blood and body cells
capillaries
116
tubes that return blood back to heart
veins
117
Explain the significance of elastic walls in arteries
stretch with heart pumping, help maintain BP
118
weakness in artery wall- bulges- may enlarge and burst- hemorrhage
aneurysm
119
Describe the structure of a capillary and its significance.
very thin to allow materials through easily and quickly
120
How much does the heart beat?
72 times per minute
121
How much blood does heart pump?
5 liters per minute
122
3 layers of the heart
pericardium
myocardium
endocardium
123
thick fibrous sac with fluid
| func: protection and decrease friction
pericardium
124
mostly cardiac muscle; thick layer
| func: pumping of heart
myocardium
125
thin, smooth lining
| func: decrease fricition
endocardium
126
pumps blood to lungs and blood picks up O2 and drop off CO2 in lungs
right side of heart
127
pumps blood to rest of body and blood drops off 02 to body cells and picks up O2
left side of heart
128
4 chambers of the heart
2 atria and 2 ventricles
129
upper smaller chambers, thinner walls
2 atria
130
receiving chambers for blood returning to the heart
2 atria
131
lower larger chambers; thick muscular walls
2 ventricles
132
main pumps of the heart- pushes blood out of heart
2 ventricles
133
3 circuits of blood flow
pulmonary
systemic
coronary
134
heart-lungs-heart
pulmonary
135
heart-body tissues-heart
systemic
136
heart-heart muscle cells-heart
coronary
137
surplus interstital fluid
lymph
138
similar to blood vessels but pick up lymph and carry it back to blood
lymphatic vessels
139
4 lymphoid tissues and organs
lymph nodes
thymus
tonsils
spleen
140
filter and clean lymph as it returns back to blood
lymph nodes
141
in throat and help protect against disease organisms that are inhaled or swallowed
tonsils
142
filters and cleans blood
spleen
143
return excess interstitial fluid to bloodstream
transport products of fat digestion from the small intestine to the blood stream
help defend against disease causing organisms
functions of lymphatic system
144
Describe the function of the body’s defense system
targets pathogens
145
organisms that cause disease or infection
pathogens
146
List several types of organisms that can be pathogens
bacteria, viruses, protozoans, fungi
147
List the 3 major lines of defense – in order
keep the foreign organisms or molecules out of the body
attack any foreign organism or molecule or cancer cell inside the body.
destroy a specific type of foreign organism or molecule or cancer cell inside the body
148
List several examples of physical and chemical barriers
tears, skin, stomach, saliva
149
4 ways in which the body attacks any foreign organisms, molecules, or cancer cells inside the body
defensive cells
defensive proteins
inflammation
fever
150
phagocytes/wbc's- to engulf organisms
defensive cells
151
two examples of defensive proteins
interferon (antiviral), complement proteins (cause bacteria to burst, enhance phagocytosis, etc)
152
blood vessels widen- redness, heat
inflammation
153
slows growth of bacteria; stimulates body defense response
fever
154
What is the function of complement proteins?
cause bacteria to burst, enhance phagocytosis, etc
155
redness, heat
blood vessels widen
156
swelling and pain
capillaries become more permeable
157
destroys a specific type of foreign organism or molecule or cancer cell inside the body
immune system
158
introduction of harmless form of the pathogen into body
vaccine
159
what does a vaccine do
immune response with memory
