chapter 1 Flashcards
(122 cards)
1
Q
list and describe the seven characteristics of life
A
contain nucleic acids, proteins, carbs, and lipids composed of cells grow and reproduce use energy and raw materials respond to environment maintain homeostasis adaptive traits
2
Q
smallest unit of life
A
cells
3
Q
relatively constant and self-correcting internal environment
A
homeostasis
4
Q
what is the significance of adaptive traits in living organisms
A
helps increase survival
5
Q
all living organisms are classified
A
taxonomy
6
Q
how are living organisms classified
A
greatest similarity are grouped together
7
Q
the classification system categories, in order
A
domain kingdom phylum class order family genus species (interbreeding individuals)
8
Q
list the 3 domains
A
Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya
9
Q
list the 4 kingdoms within the domain eukarya
A
protists
fungi
plants
animals
10
Q
list the classification of humans in order
A
domain: eukarya
kingdom: animals
phylum: chordates
class: mammals
order: primates
family: hominids
genus: homo
species: homo sapiens
11
Q
homo sapiens means
A
man who knows
12
Q
list the levels of biological organization
A
molecules- h2o cell tissue-cardiac tissue organ-heart organ system-cardiac system individual- one person population- biology 107 class community-what happens in the commons ecosystem-woods (trees, water, dirt, animals, etc) biosphere-earths crust
13
Q
what is the scientific method used for
A
gathering information and acquiring knowledge
14
Q
steps used in the scientific method
A
observe and ask a question form testable hypothesis test experiment and collect data draw conclusions repeat as needed to get answers possibly form theory
15
Q
possible explanation/prediction to question
A
hypothesis
16
Q
well supported and wide ranging explanation of some aspect of the physical universe
A
theory
17
Q
explain the importance of having a controlled group
A
goes through all the steps of the experiment but lacks factor being tested
18
Q
experimental/independent variable
A
factor being tested
19
Q
responding/dependent variable
A
change/effect that occurs because of experimental variable
20
Q
all matter is composed of an
A
an element
21
Q
how many elements are there
A
118
22
Q
how many elements are natural
A
98
23
Q
6 most common elements found in the body
A
O, C, H, N, Ca, P
24
Q
65% of the body is WHAT? 18% is WHAT
A
Oxygen; carbon
25
structure of an atom
smallest unit of an element and contains subatomic particles
26
in an atom
the nucleus contains protons and neutrons. electrons move around nucleus
27
energy levels around the nucleus are called
shells
28
1 st shell
2 e-
29
2 nd shell
8 e-
30
charge of proton
+
31
charge of neutron
0
32
charge of electron
-
33
what is charge of a complete atom
0; stable
34
what are the maximum numbers of electrons allowed in the first 2 shells
overall 10e-
35
what is the situation when the outer shell is not filled to its maximum capacity
electrons receive, donate, or share electrons with other atoms to empty or fill outer shell
36
atoms atomic number determined by
number of protons
37
atoms atomic weight determined by
number of protons and number of neutrons
38
atoms of the same element with differing numbers of neutrons
isotopes
39
how do numbers of atomic components change in an isotope
same elements with different number of neutrons
40
some isotopes are unstable and are
radioisotopes
41
dangerous example of radioisotopes
skin cancer, birth defects
42
good examples of radioisotopes
X-rays, kill cancer cells
43
2 or more atoms bound to each other
molecule
44
a molecule with atoms of at least 2 different elements bonding
compound
45
example of a molecule
o2
46
example of a compound
h2o
47
3 types of chemical bonds
covalent ionic hydrogen
48
atoms share e- to complete outer shell
covalent
49
results with giving and receiving e-
ionic bonds
50
very weak bond/easily broken
hydrogen
51
difference between an ionic and covalent bond
covalent- atom sharing electrons
| ionic-happens when oppositely charged ions attract
52
share 1 pair of e-
single bond
53
share 2 pair of e-
double bond
54
share 3 pair of e-
triple bond
55
an atom or group of atoms that carries either a positive or negative charge
ion
56
how is an ion formed
transfer of electrons between atoms
57
example of an ion
Na (11 electrons): 2/8/1- will donate outer e-
result: 11 protons and 10 electrons
Na +
58
where r hydrogen bonds found
H2O molecules
59
what is different about hydrogen bonds
between DNA strands
60
important of the 4 properties of water
solvent
bodys main transport medium
helps prevent dramatic changes in body temp
high heat of evaporation
61
anything that releases H+ when placed in H2O
acid
62
example of an acid
lemon juice, vinegar
63
anything that releases OH- when placed in H2O
base
64
what does the pH scale measure
conc of acids and bases
65
what is the range of the pH scale
0-14
66
neural pH
7.0
67
pH acid
anything less than 7.0
68
pH base
anything great than ph 7.0
69
chemicals that keep pH within normal limits
buffers
70
pH of blood
7.4
71
condition when pH level is
acidosis
72
condition when pH level is >7.45
alkalosis
73
2 buffers that are commonly used in the body
carbonic acid and bicarbonate ions
74
4 groups of polymers/macromolecules found in living things and their monomers
carbs- monosaccarides
lipids- fatty acids and glycerol
proteins-amino acids
nucleic acid-nucleotides
75
what is removed as a by-product during the formation of a polymer
h2o molecule is lost
76
describe how polymers are formed
bond is formed between monomers and a h2o molecule is lost
77
describe how polymers are broken down
h2o is used to break the bond between monomers
78
what is the most significant function of carbs
provide fuel (energy) for the body
79
basic chemical structure /ratio of a carb
C,H, and O (1:2:1)
80
3 types of carbs, as classified by size
monosaccarides
oligosaccharides
polysaccharides
81
3 best known monosaccharides and their chemical formula
glucose- C6H12O6
fructose- C6H12O6
galactose- C6H12O6
82
define disaccharide
sugars; 2 monosaccharides
83
how is a disaccharide formed
2 monosaccharides bonded
84
list 3 oligosaccharides/disaccharides
sucrose, maltose, lactose
85
3 common polysaccharides and their function
starch- storage polysaccharide in plant
glycogen- storage polysaccharide in animals
cellulose- makes up part of plant cell walls
86
3 examples of lipids that are important to humans
triglycerides
phospholipids
steroids
87
basic chemical components of a triglyceride
3 fatty acids and glycerol (ratio of 3:1)
88
4 functions of triglycerides
long term energy storage, cushion, insulation, means of absorbing lipid-soluble and vitamins
89
difference between saturated and unsaturated and an example
saturated-no double bonds between carbons in animal fats (ex. butter)
unsaturated- double bonds in carbon chain in veggie oil (ex. olive oil)
90
basic chemical components of a phosphate
two fatty acids and a phosphate group
91
structure of a phospholipid
head of molecule is hydrophilic
| tail is hydrophobic
92
how are phospholipids arranged in a cell membrane
arrange themselves in double layer in presence of h2o. also are arranged this way is because 1 side attracted to h2o and 1 side repels h2o
93
examples of steroids found in living things
chloesterol, estrogen, and testosterone
94
polymers
proteins
95
a chain of a few amino acids
peptide
96
chain of > 10 amino acids
polypeptide
97
at least 50 amino acids bonded
protein
98
how many different amino acids are there
20
99
4 functions of proteins
structural support
transport
movement
regulation of chemical reactions
100
list and describe 4 shapes of proteins
primary-amino acid sequence
secondary- how protein coils or folds
tertiary- 3d folding; held with bonds
quaternary- 1 polypeptide chain bonded together
101
what causes denaturalization
high temps or changes in pH
102
permanent disruption of protein structure/shape -> loss of function
denaturation
103
what happens to form a prion
changes in 2 degree structure of protein in neuron
104
example of a prion disease
creutzfeldt-jakob disease
105
name the function of enzymes
speeds up chemical reactions
106
basic characteristics of enzymes
not affected by reactions and is reused
specific in their actions and reactions they work with
often end in "ase" and named for their substrate
107
what is the function of cofactors? example?
sometimes need helpers
| ex. vitamins, zinc, iron
108
describe how many enzymes are named
ase
109
3 components of a nucleotide
phosphate, 5 carbon sugar, and nitrogen base
110
basic structure and function of dna
genectic info in cells- in chromosomes
| made up of twisted double strands held together by H bonds
111
basic structure and function of rna
converts genetic info in dan into proteins
| single stranded
112
basic structure and function of atp
universal energy source for cells
| adenine and ribose; 3 phosphate groups
113
what are the abbreviations for dna
deoxyribonucleic acid
114
what are the abbreviations for rna
ribonucleic acid
115
what are the abbreviations for atp
adenosine triphosphate
116
2 differences in structure between dna and rna
dna- twisted double strands; 4 nitrogen bases= cytosine, thymine, guanine, adenine
ran-single stranded; 4 nitrogen bases=cytosine, uracil, guanine, adenine
117
how is energy released from atp
breaking of bond between phosphates
118
what enzymes acts on
substrate
119
end result of chemical reaction
product
120
when ion donates electron
positive
121
when ion receives electron
negative
122
example of bases
tums, baking soda, ammonia
