FINAL CHAPTER TEST Flashcards
(141 cards)
1
Q
Explain the significance of oxygen
A
oxygen makes ATP energy through cellular respiration
2
Q
significance of CO2
A
body disposes CO2
3
Q
process of respiration
A
breathe O2 in-transfer to RBC-RBC carry body cells- RBC drops ofF o2
blood picks up CO2 from body cells- blood carries CO2 back to lungs- breathe out CO2
4
Q
2 functions of the respiratory system
A
provide body with O2
dispose of CO2
5
Q
List the structures that air passes through in the respiratory system, in order
A
nose/mouth, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchial tree, alveoli in lungs
6
Q
filters, warms, and moistens air
A
upper respiratory system
7
Q
upper respiratory structures
A
nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx
8
Q
move air to gas exchange surface and gas exchange
A
lower respiratory system
9
Q
structures in lower respiratory system
A
trachea, bronchial tree, lungs
10
Q
scientific name for windpipe
A
trachea
11
Q
scientific name for voice box
A
larynx
12
Q
scientific name for throat
A
pharynx
13
Q
flap of cartilage which covers airway when swallowing
A
epiglottis
14
Q
why does trachea have rings
A
to hold it open
15
Q
thin walled round chamber that is surrounded by many capillaries for gas exchange in and out
A
alveoli
16
Q
provides huge surface area for gas exchange
A
alveoli
17
Q
2 respiratory muscles
A
intercostal muscles and diaphragm
18
Q
muscles between ribs
A
intercostal muscle
19
Q
muscle under lungs
A
diaphragm
20
Q
viral- many different viruses can cause; no antibiotics
A
common cold
21
Q
viral-no antibiotics; no severe than colds
A
flu
22
Q
fluid accumulates in alveoli and bronchioles swell
A
pneumonia
23
Q
bacterial infection- antibiotic treatment; can cause rheumatic fever or kidney problems
A
strep throat
24
Q
thick, sticky mucus- clogs air passageways and traps bacteria
A
cystic fibrosis
25
inflammation of mucous membranes of bronchi- excess mucus
bronchitis
26
walls of alveoli break down and eventually thicken- decrease surface area for gas exchange
emphysema
27
commonly caused by smoking
emphysema
28
progressively worsening case of a combination of chronic bronchitis and emphysema
COPD
29
caused by smoking- inhaling carcinogens- mutates cells to cancer
lung cancer
30
What type of microorganism causes the common cold and the flu
viral
31
Explain why it is inappropriate to take an antibiotic for the common cold or flu
only for bacterial infections
32
Explain why it is important to treat strep throat.
cause rheumatic fever or kidney problems
33
How does someone acquire cystic fibrosis
inherited disease
34
What 3 respiratory disorders listed are most commonly caused by smoking
COPD, lung cancer, emphysema
35
List the organs that compose the gastrointestinal tract, in order
mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus
36
List the 4 digestive accessory organs
salivary glands, pancreas, liver, gall bladder
37
List the 3 functions of the mouth
mechanical and chemical digestion
monitors food quality
moistens and manipulates food so it can be swallowed
38
how many teeth do humans have
32
39
mechanical breakdown of food
teeth
40
how many salivary glands do we have
3 pairs
41
moistens and binds food
saliva
42
What begins digestion by the saliva?
enzymes- sugar starches
43
4 functions of the tongue
taste
speech
manipulation of food and mix with saliva
begins swallowing
44
what is the tongue made of
muscle
45
store food and regulate release of food to small intestine
liquefy food
carry out initial digestion of proteins via enzymes
stomach
46
ph of stomach
7.4
47
Name two substances that can be absorbed through the stomach
alcohol and aspirin
48
functions: chemical digestion and absorption
small intestine
49
List the 3 major macromolecules that we chemically digest
carbohydrates, proteins, and fat
50
7 substances that the stomach absorbs
monosaccharides, amino acids, fatty acids, water, ions, vitamins, and minerals
51
Identify the primary site/organ of absorption of nutrients in the body
small intestine
52
largest region of large intestine
colon
53
absorbs h2o and ions
| stores, forms, and expels feces
large intestine
54
undigested food, cells, water, mucus, and millions of bacteria
feces
55
secretes enzymes to digest most nutrients
function of pancreas
56
Describe the location where the pancreatic enzymes are released
into the first part of small intestine
57
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produce bile
control glucose via glycogen metabolism
storage of iron and some vitamins
control lipid metabolism
remove toxins from blood
```
function of liver
58
physically breaks down fats for increase enzyme action
bile
59
secretes into the gall bladder and small intestine
bile
60
muscular same with sphincters at each end
stomach
61
long twisted tube
small intestine
62
final tube
large intestine
63
last portion of large intestine
rectum
64
hole to expel feces
anus
65
pear shaped muscular sac
gall bladder
66
stores and releases bile into small intestine
gall bladder
67
when is the gall bladder needed
response to increase fats entering small intestine
68
List the 4 systems responsible for eliminating waste
integumentary system
respiratory system
digestive system
urinary system
69
what begins digestion in the stomach
protein
70
explain what the pH status is in the stomach
hydrochloric
71
where does the hydrochloric acid come from
acid in the stomach
72
eliminates heat, h2o, salt
integumentary system
73
eliminates co2, h20, heat
respiratory system
74
eliminates solid wastes
digestive system
75
eliminates nitrogen-containing wastes, h2o, excess ions
urinary system
76
Describe where the urinary system wastes come from
normal breakdown of proteins, nucleic acids and from muscle metabolism
77
4 basic organs of the urinary system
kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
78
regulate amount of h2o and dissolved substances that are removed from and returned to the blood
kidneys
79
tubes connecting kidneys and bladder
ureters
80
temporarily stores urine
urinary bladder
81
tube that transports urine out of body
urethra
82
removes wastes from body
regulate blood volume and BP
stimulate production of RBCs
regulate concentrations of solutes in plasma
helps stabilize blood pH
promote the bodys use of calcium and phosphorus
kidneys
83
Explain how kidney functions influence blood volume and blood pressure
adjusting h2p and salt excretion
84
Explain how kidney functions are responsible for blood cell production
producing a hormone
85
List the 2 functions of the connective tissue coverings of the kidneys
protection and attachment
86
Name the 2 major blood vessels entering and exiting the kidneys
renal artery enters; renal vein leaves
87
Name the functional unit of the kidney
nephrons
88
Briefly explain what happens in the nephron
as blood moves through, substances are removed from and added to blood
89
Describe the processes of how the desire to urinate and actual urination occurs
bladder stretches to send a signal to brain and spinal cord; brain permits voluntary relaxation of external urethral sphincter
90
Explain how urinary tract infections are usually acquired
from bacteria traveling up urethra from outside of body
91
males urethra
8 inches
92
females urethra
1.5 inches
93
why are UTIs more common in females
shorter urethra and closer to anus
94
List the 2 gonads
testes and ovaries
95
List the 2 gametes
sperm or egg
96
2 general functions of the gonads
produce gametes and sex hormones
97
3 organs of the male duct system
epididymis
vas deferens
urethra
98
general function of the duct system
transportation, storage and maturation of sperm
99
3 accessory organs of the male
seminal vesicles
prostate gland
bulbourethral glands
100
function of the accessory organs
contribue fluid to make up semen
101
Identify the portion of the penis that is frequently surgically removed
foreskin (loosely fitting covering) around tip
102
what is it called the portion that gets removed
circumcision
103
Describe how an erection occurs
arteries entering penis dilate
erectile tissue fills with blood
veins draining blood from penis are squeezed shut so blood is trapped
104
3 regions of a sperm
head
midpiece
tail
105
aid sperm in penetrating cells around egg
head
106
motility
tail
107
provide ATP for tail
mid piece
108
a vesicle with enzymes
acrosome
109
why do sperm have mitochondria
provide ATP for tail
110
sperm production
| secondary sex characteristics
function of testosterone
111
tubes that connect ovaries to uterus
oviducts
112
hollow, muscular organ
uterus
113
narrow neck of uterus
cervix
114
tube from uterus to exterior
vagina
115
cyclic changes in ovary that produce the egg
ovarian cycle
116
cyclic changes in uterine wall to prepare for a possible embryo
uterine (menstrual) cycle
117
3 components of the vulva
labia majora
labia minora
clitoris
118
transport immature egg to uterus
| usual site of fertilization and early development
function of oviducts
119
List 2 ways in which immature eggs are moved along the oviducts
peristalsis and cilia
120
Name the location where fertilization usually occurs
oviducts
121
2 functions of the uterus
pregnancy and childbirth
122
2 main layers of the uterus
muscle and endometrium
123
what the muscle layer of the uterus is specifically made of and significant
smooth muscle and for contractions
124
Explain what happens to the endometrium if pregnant versus not pregnant
preg- implants in lay
| not- sloughed off w menstrual cycle
125
passageways for menstrual fluids
receives penis and sperm
birth canal
vagina
126
How long is a “typical” reproductive cycle
28 days
127
what is the ovarian and menstrual cycle directed by
hormones
128
Briefly explain the “life” of an egg
beginning at puberty- one immature egg develops per month- ovulation release of an egg that is ready
129
when does ovulation occur
day 14
130
release of an egg that is ready for fertilization
ovulation
131
bleeding associated with endometrium sloughing off
menstruation 1-7 days
132
regrows and thickens
endometrium 7-28 days
133
Explain how pregnancy changes the uterine cycle
endometrium doesn't he'd
134
cut vas deferens- no sperm get out
vasectomy
135
cut oviducts to prevent egg and sperm from meeting
tubal ligation
136
estrogen and progesterone combo- stops egg from maturing and ovulating
hormonal contraception
137
list 3 birth controls
abtinence
sterilization
barrier methods
138
Describe the different forms in which hormonal contraceptives are currently available
pills, skin patch, or vaginal ring
139
device inserted in uterus; prevents fertilization and/or implantation
intrauterine device
140
List several forms of the barrier methods of birth control
male and female condoms
| diaphragm
141
family planning or rhythm method
fertility awareness
