FINAL FINAL FINAL FINAL Flashcards by olivia mcnamara

contains nucleic acids, proteins, carbs, and lipids
composed of cells
grow and reproduce
use energy and raw materials
respond to environment 
maintain homeostasis 
have adaptive traits

7 characteristics of life

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smallest unit of life

cells

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relatively constant and self correcting internal environment

homeostasis

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list the four kingdoms within the domain eukarya

protists fungi plants animals

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method for gathering information and acquiring knowledge

scientific method

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classifications of humans

domain- eukarya
kingdom- animals
phylum- chordates
class- mammals
order- primates
family- hominids
genus- homo
species- homo sapiens

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steps in the scientific method

observe and ask a question
form hypothesis
test experiment and collect new data 
draw conclusions
repeat as needed 
possibly form theory

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goes through all the steps of the experiment but lacks factor being tested

control

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factor being tested

experimental/ independent

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change/effect that occurs because of experimental variable

responding/dependent

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6 most common elements found in the body

O, C, H, N, Ca, P

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smallest unit of an element

atom

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contains protons and neutrons

nucleus

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protons

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neutrons

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; move around the nucleus

electrons

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2 or more atoms bond to each other

molecule

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a molecule with atom of at least two different elements bonding

compound

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atoms share electrons to complete outer shell

covalent bond

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atom or group of atoms that carries either a + or - electrical charge

ionic bonds

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very weak bond/ easily broken

hydrogen bond

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result from the transfer of electrons between atoms

ionic bond formation

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pH 7.0

neutral

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acid

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pH> 7.0

base

pH of blood

7.4

4 groups of polymers/macromolecules found in living things

carbs lipids protein nucleic acid

3 best know monosaccrides

glucose, frutose, galactose

permanent disruption of protein structure/shape - loss of function

denaturation

what causes denaturation

caused by high temps or changes in pH

what is the function of enzymes

speeds up chemical reaction

how are most enzymes named

"ase" and named for their subtrate

genetic info in cells- in chromosomes

DNA

converts the genetic info in DNA into proteins

RNA

3 phosphate groups

ATP

TWISTED DOUBLE STRAND

DNA

single strand

RNA

adenine, ribose, (adenosine)

ATP

deoxyribonucleic acid

DNA

ribonucleic acid

RNA

adenosine triphosphate

ATP

cell- simpler and smaller; primary bacteria

prokaryotic

cells of all other organisms, including animals

eukaryotic

e.coli

prokaryotic

plants, animals

eukaryotic

2 major components of the plasma membrane

phospholipid and proteins

thin outer covering of cell

plasma membrane

regulates movement of substances into and out of cell

selectively permeable

random movement of a substance from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration

simple diffusion

type of diffusion in which H2O moves across a membrane from a region of high H2O concentration to a region of lower H2O concentration

osmosis

movement of substances across membrane from a lower conc to a higher conc with the aid of a carrier protein

active transport

movement of a substance from a region of higher conc to a region of lower conc to a region of lower conc with the aid of a membrane protein

facilitated diffusion

movement when large substances leave cell

exocytosis

movement when cell engulfs substance

endocytosis

cell eating

phagocytosis

cell drinking

endocytosis

is a passive movement

facilitated transport

is an active movement

active transport

H2O moves out of cell

hypertonic

H2O moves into and out of cell equally

isotonic

H2O moves into cells

hypotonic

jellylike solution inside cell

cytoplasm

contains genetic info (DNA) that is passed from generation to generation

nucleus

separates nucleus from cytoplasm

nuclear envelope

openings in the nuclear envelope

nuclear pore

protein synthesis- where amino acids are assembled into proteins

ribosomes

system of interconnecting membrane channels

endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

set of interconnected, flattened membranous sacs

golgi complex

membrane bound vesicles

lysosome

energy needs of cell

mitochondria

complex network of fibers within cytoplasm

cytoskeleton

short and numerous- sweeps stuff

cillia

long- usually just one; move cell

flagella

how many chromosomes do have cells have

46 chromosomes - 23 pairs

the "powerhouse" of the cell

mitochondria

cellular energy is in what form

food?

series of many chemical reactions where O2 is required ; aerobic respiration

cellular respiration

the breakdown of glucose without o2

fermentation

4 phases of cellular respiration

glycolysis transition reaction citric acid cycle electron transport chain

is cellular respiration or fermentation more energy efficient

cellular respiration

what happens to the co2 produce during cell respiration

diffused out of cells into blood and taken to lungs to be exhaled

when does fermentation occur

process stops at end of glycolysis

list the list of how life is organized from cell to organ systems

cells-tissues-organs-organ system

cover body surfaces, lines body cavities and organs, and forms glands

epithelial tissue

provides body and its organs with protection and support

connective tissue

responsible for body movement and movement of substances through the body

muscle tissue

conducts nerve impulses from one part of the body to another

nervous tissue

attached to bone

skeletal

only found in heart

cardiac

in walls of hollow organs

smooth

muscle tissues that are involuntary

cardiac smooth

muscle tissue that is voluntary

skeletal

makes up brain, spinal cords, and nerves

nervous tissue

consists of skin, hair, nails, sweat and oil glands

integumentary system

two systems that maintain homeostasis in the body

nervous and endocrine system

what happens if homeostasis fails

illness or death

``` support movement protection storage of minerals storage of fat blood cell formation ```

functions of bones

examples of bones used for protection

skull, sternum, ribs

what minerals are stored in bones

calcium and phosphorus

where are blood cells formed

in red bone marrow

why is bone a living tissue

it has many cells -osteocytes

how many bones do we have in our body

206

places where bones meet

joints

``` movement posture support internal organs move blood and lymph generates heart ```

functions of skeletal muscle

integrates and coorindates all the bodys varied activities

nervous sytem

conduct info toward brain and spinal cord

sensory neurons

carry info away from brain and spinal cord to an effector

motor neurons

found only within brain and spinal cord

interneurons

2 possible effectors of motor neurons

muscles or glands

has normal organelles, nucleus, etc

cell body

single long extension that carries messages away from cell body to either another cell or to an effector

axon

many short, branching projections

dendrites

chemicals that cause an impulse to move from cell to cell

neurotransmitter

junction between a neuron and another cell

synapse

2 major divisions of the nervous system and list the organs within each

central nervous- brain and spinal cord | peripheral nervous- nerves

2 major functional divisions of the PNS and provide functions

somatic NS- directs voluntary movement | autonomic NS- regulates involuntary bodily activites

2 divisions of the autonomic NS

sympathetic and parasympathetic

serve as the bodys central command center, coordinating and regulating the bodys other systems

brain

higher level thinking, interpreting sensations, language, decision making, creativity, memory

cerebrum

relays information to appropriate higher brain centers

thalamus

connects nervous and endocrine system; controls heart rate, BP, breathing rate, body temp, food intake, center for emotions

hypothalamus

coordinate voluntary movement with input from joints, muscles, eyes, and inner ears

cerebellum

autonomic centers for breathing, heart rate and digestive activities

brain stem

helps produce emotions and memory

limbic system

3 components of the brain stem

medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain

conduct messages between brain and body; serve as reflex center

spinal cord

touch, pressure, vibration, temp

general senses

tough white of the eye; protection and attachment to eye muscles

sclera

transparent front of eye; window of eye

cornea

contains blood vessels to supply chemicals and O2 to tissues of the eye

choroid

colored portion of the eye; regulates amount of light entering eye

iris

send signal to brain via optic nerve

retina

transparent, elastic, roundish structure behind iris and pupil

lens

for vision in dim light and black and white vision

rods

for color vision

cones

the receiver

outer ear

the amplifier

middle ear

the transmitter

inner ear

gathers sound and channels it into the

pinna

eardrum

tympanic membrane

3 bones in the ear

malleus, incus, stapes

balance and equilibrium

vestibular apparatus

why are middle ear infections more common in kids

straighter and shorter auditory tube

where are olfactory receptors

in roof of nasal cavity

cells are stimulated by odor molecules and message is sent to limbic system and cerebrum

olfactory receptors

5 primary tastes

``` sweet salty sour bitter umami ```

where are hormones made

endocrine glands

regulate and coordinate other body systems and thus maintain homeostasis

endocrine system

endocrine function is the same as what other system in the body

nervous system

functions: transportation, protection, regulation

blood

what is the main component of plasma

h2o

where are the formed elements of blood made

in red bone marrow by stem cells

blood clotting

platelets

many squeeze out of blood vessels to site of infection, tissue damage or inflammation

wbc

pick up o2 in lungs and carry it to body cells

rbc

most numerous type of blood cell in our body

rbc

2 major components of the cardiovascular system

heart and blood vessels

bodys transportation network

cardiovascular system

list the blood vessels within the bodys circuit

heart-arti\eries-arterioles-capillaries-venules-veins-heart

tubes that transport blood away from heart

arteries

exchange of materials between blood and body cells

capillaries

tubes that return blood back to heart

veins

walls of the capillaries are only 1 cell layer thick because...

it allows materials through easily and quickly

pumps blood to lungs

right side of heart

pumps blood to rest of body

left side of heart

upper smaller chambers that receive blood returning to the heart

2 atria

lower larger chambers; pushes blood out of heart

2 ventricles

heart-lungs-heart

pulmonary circuit

heart-body tissues-heart

systemic circuit

heart-heart muscle cells- heart

coronary circulation

where does lymph originate

lymphatic system

return excess interstitial fluid to bloodstream transport products of fat digestion from the small intestine to the blood stream help defend against disease causing organisms

functions of lymphathic system

targets pathogens

bodys defense system

organisms that cause disease or infection

pathogens

three lines of defense

keep foreign organisms out of body; attack any foreign organisms inside the body; destroy a specific type of foreign organism inside body

4 ways in which the body attacks any foreign organisms, molecules, or cancer cells inside body

defensive cells, defensive proteins, inflammation, fever

slows growth of bacteria; stimulates body defense response

fever

is specific to pathogen and has memory

immune system

why is o2 important

helps make ATP energy via cellular respiration

provide body with O2 and dispose of CO2

functions of respiratory system

upper respiratory structures

nose- nasal cavity- pharynx- larynx

filters, warms, and moistens air

upper respir system

move air to gas exchange surface and gas exchange

lower respir system

lower respiratory structures

trachea- bronchial tree- lungs

voice box

larynx

throat

pharynx

windpipe

trachea

thin walled round chamber that is surround by many capillaries for gas exchange in and out; provides huge surface area for gas exchange

alveoli

viral- many different viruses can cause; no antibiotics

common cold

viral- many kinds and no antibiotics

flu

fluid accumulates in alveoli and bronchioles swell

pneumonia

bacterial infection- antibiotic treatment

strep throat

thick, sticky mucus- clogs air passageways and traps bacteria

cystic fibrosis

what type of microorganisms cause the common cold and flu

viral

why is it taking an antibiotic inappropriate for the common cold and flu

because antibiotics are for bacterial not viral

list organs in the gastrointestinal tract

mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus

4 digestive assessory organs

salivary glands, pancreas, liver, and gall bladder

mechanical breakdown of food

teeth

moistens and binds food | contains enzyme to begin digestion of sugars and starches

salivary glands

what begins digestion by the saliva

proteins

what is the tongue made of

a muscle

store food and regulate release of food to small intest liquefy food carry out initial digestion of proteins

stomach

functions: chemical digestion and absorption

small intestine

primary site of absorption of nutrients

absorption

largest region of the large intestine

colon

absorbs h2o and ions | stores, forms, and expels feces

large intestine

the location where the pancreatic enzymes are released

first part of small intestine

physically breaks down fats for increase enzyme action

bile function

secrete it into gall bladder and small intestine

bile

where is bile produced

in liver

stores and releases bile into small intestine

gall bladder

when is the gall bladder needed

in response to increase of fats entering small intestine

4 basic organs of the urinary system

kidneys ureters urethra urinary bladder

remove wastes from body regulate blood volume and bp stimulate production of rbc regulate concentrations of solutes in plasma help stabilize blood pH promote the bodys use of calcium and phosphorus

kidneys

tubes connecting kidneys and bladder

ureters

temporarily stores urine

urinary bladder

tube that transports urine out of body

urethra

functional unit of the kidney

nephron

as blood moves through and is filtered- substances are removed from and added to blood

nephrons

usually from bacteria travelling up urethra from outside body

UTI

why are utis more common in female

shorter urethra and is closer to anus

why do cells need to reproduce

growth and development; renewal and repair

significance of dna with regard to cell division

copies of dna are made and 1 copy is passed from parent cell to daughter cell

nuclear division that results in identical body cells (somatic cells)

mitosis

nuclear division that creates gametes (egg and sperm)

meiosis

so daughter cell nuclei get the same number and kinds of chromosomes as mother cell nucleus

mitosis

chromatin condenses to form chromosomes and spindles appear

prophase

centromeres line up at center of cell

metaphase

centromeres split and chromatids separate- become daughter chromosomes

anaphase

chromosomes cluster at opposite poles and begin changing back to chromatin

telophase

reduces the chromosome number from diploid number to haploid number

meosis

with what event will these cells contain 2 complete sets of chromosomes

mitosis

another name for down syndrome

trisomy 21

3 chromosomes

trisomy

certain segments of dna

genes

different forms of a gene

alleles

one that has the ability to mask the expression of another

dominant allele

one whose expression is masked by the dominant allele for the same trait

recesive allele

organism that has 2 identical alleles

homozygous

organism that has 2 different alleles

heterozygous

precise set of alleles of a person possesses for a given trait

genotype

observable physical trait or traits

phenotype

any chromosome other than a sex chromosome

autosomes

appear normal but can have child with disorder

carrier

when there are more than 2 possible for a particular trait

multiple alleles

both expressed when both present

codominant

when a trait is controlled by 2 or more genes and each dominant allele has an additive effect to the phenotype

polygenic inheritance

why males are affected more often by x-linked disorders than females

get 1 X chromosome- if they get recessive gene they show disorder

4 nitrogen bases found in dna

cytosine guanine thymine adenine

3 types of rna

messenger transfer ribosomal

info from dna to mRNA; protein synthesis

transcription

info from mRNA to protein; protein synthesis

translation

how many different amino acids are there

permanent change in the sequence of bases in dna

gene mutation

manipulation of genetic material for human purposes

genetic engineering

contains dna from 2 or more different sources

recombinant dna

cures genetic diseases

gene therapy

discovered the order of base pairs in human dna and determined humans have 20-25,000 genes that code for proteins

human genome project

how long did the human genome project take

13 years completed in 2003

2 gonads

testes and ovaries

2 gametes

sperm and egg

produce gametes and sex hormones

gonads

3 organs in the male duct system

epididymis vas deferns urethra

3 accessory organs of the male

seminal vesicle prostate gland bulbourethral gland

surrounds upper portion of urethra

prostate gland

deliver sperm to female reprod system

penis

where does fertilization occur

oviducts/fallopian tubes

what day is ovulation

FINAL FINAL FINAL FINAL Flashcards

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