Chapter 4 Back Flashcards Preview

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Flashcards in Chapter 4 Back Deck (155)
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0
Q

there are how many curvatures

A

four

1
Q

vertebrae numbers

A
cervical - 7
thoracic - 12
lumbar - 5
sacral - 5 fused
coccyx - 3/4 fused
2
Q

curvature that is concave anteriorly and is primary

A

kyphosis

3
Q

curvature that is concave posteriorly and is secondary like lumbar and cervical

A

lordosis

4
Q

main exceptions to the general structure of vertebrae

A

C1, C2, S5

5
Q

neural arches of L5 and or S1 fail to develop and fuse normally.

A

spina bifida occulta

6
Q

spina bifida occulta is present in blank percent of population and usually no problems come of it

A

24 percent

7
Q

herniation of the meninges associated with a failure to develop more than one vertebral arch and neural tube defects, causes neurological problems

A

spina bifida cystica

8
Q

extreme thoracic kyphosis

A

hunchback

9
Q

name for hunchback in old people from osteoporosis

A

dowagers hump

10
Q

anterior tilting of the pelvis aka sway back or hollow back

A

excessive lumbar lordosis

11
Q

two causes of excessive lumbar lordosis

A

pregnancy, obesity

12
Q

failure of half of a vertebra to develop can cause blank

A

scoliosis

13
Q

metabolic bone disease that results from demineralization of the bones caused by resorption and little calcium deposition

A

osteoporosis

14
Q

vertebral body osteoporosis is most common in blank vertebrae and blank females

A

thoracic vertebrae, postmenopausal

15
Q

dislocation between adjacent vertebrae

A

spondylolisthesis

16
Q

fracture of the column of bones connecting the superior and inferior articular processes

A

spondylolysis

17
Q

crush fracture of vertebrae

A

compression fracture

18
Q

surgical excision of one or more spinous processes and the adjacent supporting vertebral laminae is a blank

A

laminectomy

19
Q

a laminectomy may be performed to blank on the spinal cord or nerve roots from a tumor or herniated disc

A

relieve pressure

20
Q

part of vertebrae that bears weight and increases in size proportionally

A

body

21
Q

part of vertebrae which houses and protects spinal cord and roots of spinal nerves

A

arch

22
Q

processes extending from the arch provide blank for blank or direct movements between vertebrae

A

attachment, muscles

23
Q

cervical vertebrae are unique because they have blank

A

foramina transversarii

24
Q

thoracic vertebrae have blank which are unique

A

costal facets

25
Q

lumbar vertebrae do not have blank or blank

A

costal facets, foramina transversarii

26
Q

thickness of iv discs determine degree of blank

A

mobility

27
Q

blank of zygapophysial joints controls the type of movement between adjacent vertebrae

A

orientation

28
Q

this resists hyperextension; other other ligaments resist blank

A

anterior longitudinal ligament, flexion

29
Q

this joint allows nodding of the head

A

atlanto occipital joint

30
Q

this joint allows the no movement of the head while blank limit rotation

A

atlanto axial joint, alar ligaments

31
Q

most mobile vertebral regions and most vulnerable to injury

A

cervical, lumbar

32
Q

these movements occur mostly at the cervical and lumbar regions

A

flexion/extension

33
Q

blank occurs and cervical and thoracic regions

A

rotation

34
Q

curvatures provide blank to the axial skeleton

A

shock absorb/flexibility

35
Q

these muscles provide support to maintain the curvatures

A

back extensors, abdominal flexors

36
Q

blank branches of the major cervical and segmental arteries supply the vertebral column with blood

A

spinal

37
Q

internal and external vertebral venous blank collect blood from the vertebrae and drain into the blank veins of the neck and blank veins of the trunk

A

plexuses, vertebral, segmental

38
Q

zygapophysial joints are innervated by blank branches of blank rami

A

medial, adjacent posterior

39
Q

blank branches of spinal nerves supply most bone, iv discs, and ligaments as well as the meninges of the spinal cord with nerves

A

recurrent meningeal

40
Q

back muscles that are axioappendicular muscles that serve the upper limb

A

superficial extrinsic

41
Q

the extrinsic back muscles are innervated by the blank of spinal nerves

A

anterior rami

42
Q

the trapezius is innervated by blank unlike the rest of the extrinsic back muscles

A

CN 11

43
Q

back muscles that are mostly innervated by posterior rami of spinal nerves

A

deep intrinsic

44
Q

three layers of deep intrinsic back muscles

A

superficial (splenius), intermediate (erector spinae), deep (transversospinalis muscles)

45
Q

intrinsic muscles provide primarily blank and blank for posture

A

extension, proprioception

46
Q

intrinsic muscles also blank and produce movment of the trunk

A

stabilize

47
Q

muscles that produce movements and proprioception at the craniovertebral joints

A

suboccipital muscles

48
Q

four main components of vertebral canal

A

spinal cord, spinal nerve roots, csf, meninges

49
Q

spinal cord occupies only the two superior blank of the canal

A

two thirds

50
Q

two enlargements related to innervation of the limbs

A

cervical, lumbosacral

51
Q

end of the spinal cord

A

conus medullaris

52
Q

conus medullaris ends at the blank vertebra

A

L1 or L2

53
Q

the blank and blank from the lumbosacral part of the spinal cord form the blank and continue inferiorly within the lumbar blank containing blank

A

filum terminale, spinal nerve roots, cauda equina, cistern, csf

54
Q

csf is contained within the blank sac and blank sheaths

A

dural, dural root

55
Q

the fluid filled subarachnoid space is lined with blank and blank mater which are continuous meninges

A

pia, arachnoid

56
Q

continuous meninges

A

leptomeninges

57
Q

csf is often sampled from the blank because of no spinal cord

A

lumbar cistern

58
Q

these arteries supply the spinal cord and are reinforced by asymmetric segmental medullary arteries

A

longitudinal spinal arteries

59
Q

where segmental medullary arteries do not occur, blank arteries supply the nerve roots

A

radicular

60
Q

veins draining the spinal cord have a distribution and drainage generally reflective of the blank

A

spinal arteries

61
Q

fracturing or avulsing of C2 would sever the spinal cord and blank would stop because the blank nerve innervates the blank

A

breathing, phrenic, diaphragm

62
Q

spondylolysis in the lumbar vertebrae shows a blank on the neck of the blank

A

fracture, scottie dog

63
Q

atypical cervical vertebrae

A

c1, c2, c7

64
Q

c2 - c6 unique characteristic

A

bifid spinous process

65
Q

c3-c7 characteristic

A

uncinate processes

66
Q

c7 unique name and has a blank

A

vertebra prominens, longer spinous process

67
Q

cervical facet orientation is nearly blank

A

horizontal

68
Q

iv discs in the cervical vertebrae are blank

A

relatively thick compared to the body (highest ratio)

69
Q

atlas does not have these two things

A

body, spinous process

70
Q

the blank of c2 acts as atlas’s blank

A

body

71
Q

“spinous process” of atlas

A

posterior tubercle

72
Q

atlanto occipital joint produces the blank movement

A

yes

73
Q

atlanto axial joint allows for blank movement

A

“no” movement

74
Q

there is a blank atlantoaxial joint and two blank atlantaxial joints

A

median, lateral

75
Q

blank is limited in thoracic vertebrae because of ribs attaching

A

sidebending

76
Q

l1-l3 has articular facets in the blank plane

A

sagittal

77
Q

lumbar blank movement is very limited in l1-l3

A

rotation

78
Q

since sacrum is fused vertebrae, median crest is like blank, intermediate crest is like blank, and lateral crest is like blank

A

spinous processes, articular processes, transverse processes

79
Q

through the foramina come the blank parts of nerves

A

anterior/posterior primary rami

80
Q

S5 and coccygeal emerge from blank

A

sacral hiatus

81
Q

largest iv disc

A

L5 S1

82
Q

joints between C3-C6 only

A

uncovertebral joints

83
Q

outer part of iv disc

A

annulus fibrosus

84
Q

inner part of iv disc

A

nucleus pulposus

85
Q

eccentric location and high blank content in nucleus pulposus

A

water

86
Q

a disc herniation is when the blank penetrates blank

A

nucleus pulposus, annulus fibrosus

87
Q

disc herniation usually occur in a blank direction because the blank guards the blank of the vertebrae

A

posterolateral, anterior longitudinal ligament, anterior part

88
Q

narrow foramen in one or more lumbar vertebrae which can cause compression of one or more spinal nerve roots… may require a laminectomy

A

lumbar spinal stenosis

89
Q

osteoarthritis of these joints may affect spinal nerves

A

zygapophyseal

90
Q

osteoarthritis of z joints will cause pain along blank and spasms along blank

A

dermatomes, myotomes

91
Q

treatment of back pain caused by disease of z joints

A

denervation of lumbar z joints at two adjacent posterior rami

92
Q

derangement along a spinal nerve

A

radiculopathy

93
Q

lumbar vertebrae have the blank instead of the spinal cord coming through it

A

cauda equina

94
Q

these stabilize intervertebral discs and vertebral bodies

A

ligaments

95
Q

ligament of intervertebral joints that runs from sacrum to C2 and is wide

A

anterior longitudinal ligament

96
Q

ligament of intervertebral joint that is sacrum to c2, narrow, and is more loosely attached

A

posterior longitudinal ligament

97
Q

the PLL is continuous superiorly with the blank

A

tectorial membrane

98
Q

ligament of vertebral arches that connect the laminae act continuous but are not

A

flavum

99
Q

ligament of vertebral arch that is the sacrum to c7 that turns into nuchal ligament

A

supraspinous

100
Q

ligament of vertebral arches that is c7 to occiput and comes from the supraspinous ligament

A

nuchal

101
Q

all vertebral arch ligaments all funciton to prevent excessive blank

A

flexion

102
Q

this vertebral arch ligament helps prevent lateral flexion

A

intertransverse

103
Q

vertebral arch ligament that connects spinous processes

A

interspinous

104
Q

atlanto occipital joint type

A

synovial condyloid

105
Q

atlantoaxial joint types

A

synovial (2 planar - facets, 1 pivot - around dens)

106
Q

ligament that is continuous with ALL

A

anterior atlanto occipital membrane

107
Q

ligament that is continuous with ligamentum flavum

A

posterior antlanto occipital membrane

108
Q

atlanto axial joint ligament that is transverse and has superior/inferior bands

A

cruciate (cruciform)

109
Q

ala means blank

A

wing

110
Q

ligaments of the atlanto axial jiont that limits rotation

A

alar

111
Q

typical vertebrae are supplied by blank

A

segmental arteries

112
Q

spinal branches of arteries go through blank

A

intervertebral foramina

113
Q

back muscles that are superficial/intermediate for limb and respiratory movements

A

extrinsic

114
Q

only blank fibers are carried in the spinal accessory nerve to the traps

A

motor

115
Q

proprioceptive fibers of the traps are at blank

A

c3,c4

116
Q

6.5

A

702

117
Q

two intermediate back muscles

A

serratus posterior superior, serratus posterior inferior

118
Q

blank is more likely to cause herniation of the nucleus pulposus

A

flexion (posterolateral herniation)

119
Q

disc herniations are very rare in blank

A

young people

120
Q

95 percent of lumbar disc protrusions occur at these levels

A

l4-l5 or l5-s1

121
Q

sciatica is often caused by a herniated disc that compresses the blank component of the sciatic nerve

A

l5 or s1

122
Q

back pain is the blank most common reason for visiting doctor

A

second

123
Q

zygapophyseal joint pain is usually associated with blank

A

osteoarthritis (aging)

124
Q

as we age, our nucleus pulposus becomes blank

A

dried out

125
Q

iv discs blank in size with age

A

increase

126
Q

deep back muscles in superficial layer

A

splenius (capitis, cervicis) (cervical posterior rami)

127
Q

bilateral action of splenius capitis

A

extend the head

128
Q

unilateral action of splenius capitis

A

rotate and sidebend ipsilaterally

129
Q

t7 has blank articulations

A

12

130
Q

c5 has blank articulations

A

10

131
Q

superior attachment of muscle is blank for practical

A

most important

132
Q

ligamentum flavum is not quite blank with tectorial membrane

A

continuous

133
Q

spinalis capitis fibers run blank (probably on practical) (PA 9)

A

superomedially

134
Q

thoracic vertebrae of articular processes facing blank

A

anterior/posterior

135
Q

lumbar vertebrae has articular processes facing blank

A

medially

136
Q

rotatores blank is one segment

A

brevis

137
Q

rotatores blank is two segments

A

longus

138
Q

only suboccipital muscle that does not extend the head

A

obliquus capitis inferior

139
Q

the obliquus capitis inferior does blank the head but does not blank the head

A

rotate, attach to

140
Q

conduction pathway between brain and body and major reflex center

A

spinal cord

141
Q

spinal cord begins at blank

A

caudal brainstem

142
Q

spinal cord ends at blank

A

medullary cone l1-l2

143
Q

cervical enlargement is at blank

A

c4-t1

144
Q

lumbosacral enlargement is at blank

A

t11 - s1

145
Q

spinal cord is blank at the lumbar area

A

smaller

146
Q

presynaptic sympathetic neurons begin at blank

A

IML

147
Q

cauda equina is made of blank

A

nerve roots

148
Q

filum terminale is an extension of blank

A

pia mater

149
Q

roots are nerve fibers that exit/enter the spinal cord to form a blank

A

peripheral (spinal) nerve

150
Q

t4 spinal ganglion exits through intervertebral foramen blank t4

A

below

151
Q

spinal nerves create a blank around the entire thorax like a tape measure

A

dermatome

152
Q

3 spaces of spinal cord

A

epidural, subdural, subarachnoid

153
Q

epidural space contains blank

A

epidural fat

154
Q

potential space that can show up during pathology

A

subdural