there are how many curvatures
four
vertebrae numbers
cervical - 7 thoracic - 12 lumbar - 5 sacral - 5 fused coccyx - 3/4 fused
curvature that is concave anteriorly and is primary
kyphosis
curvature that is concave posteriorly and is secondary like lumbar and cervical
lordosis
main exceptions to the general structure of vertebrae
C1, C2, S5
neural arches of L5 and or S1 fail to develop and fuse normally.
spina bifida occulta
spina bifida occulta is present in blank percent of population and usually no problems come of it
24 percent
herniation of the meninges associated with a failure to develop more than one vertebral arch and neural tube defects, causes neurological problems
spina bifida cystica
extreme thoracic kyphosis
hunchback
name for hunchback in old people from osteoporosis
dowagers hump
anterior tilting of the pelvis aka sway back or hollow back
excessive lumbar lordosis
two causes of excessive lumbar lordosis
pregnancy, obesity
failure of half of a vertebra to develop can cause blank
scoliosis
metabolic bone disease that results from demineralization of the bones caused by resorption and little calcium deposition
osteoporosis
vertebral body osteoporosis is most common in blank vertebrae and blank females
thoracic vertebrae, postmenopausal
dislocation between adjacent vertebrae
spondylolisthesis
fracture of the column of bones connecting the superior and inferior articular processes
spondylolysis
crush fracture of vertebrae
compression fracture
surgical excision of one or more spinous processes and the adjacent supporting vertebral laminae is a blank
laminectomy
a laminectomy may be performed to blank on the spinal cord or nerve roots from a tumor or herniated disc
relieve pressure
part of vertebrae that bears weight and increases in size proportionally
body
part of vertebrae which houses and protects spinal cord and roots of spinal nerves
arch
processes extending from the arch provide blank for blank or direct movements between vertebrae
attachment, muscles
cervical vertebrae are unique because they have blank
foramina transversarii
thoracic vertebrae have blank which are unique
costal facets
lumbar vertebrae do not have blank or blank
costal facets, foramina transversarii
thickness of iv discs determine degree of blank
mobility
blank of zygapophysial joints controls the type of movement between adjacent vertebrae
orientation
this resists hyperextension; other other ligaments resist blank
anterior longitudinal ligament, flexion
this joint allows nodding of the head
atlanto occipital joint
this joint allows the no movement of the head while blank limit rotation
atlanto axial joint, alar ligaments
most mobile vertebral regions and most vulnerable to injury
cervical, lumbar
these movements occur mostly at the cervical and lumbar regions
flexion/extension
blank occurs and cervical and thoracic regions
rotation
curvatures provide blank to the axial skeleton
shock absorb/flexibility
these muscles provide support to maintain the curvatures
back extensors, abdominal flexors
blank branches of the major cervical and segmental arteries supply the vertebral column with blood
spinal
internal and external vertebral venous blank collect blood from the vertebrae and drain into the blank veins of the neck and blank veins of the trunk
plexuses, vertebral, segmental
zygapophysial joints are innervated by blank branches of blank rami
medial, adjacent posterior
blank branches of spinal nerves supply most bone, iv discs, and ligaments as well as the meninges of the spinal cord with nerves
recurrent meningeal
back muscles that are axioappendicular muscles that serve the upper limb
superficial extrinsic
the extrinsic back muscles are innervated by the blank of spinal nerves
anterior rami
the trapezius is innervated by blank unlike the rest of the extrinsic back muscles
CN 11
back muscles that are mostly innervated by posterior rami of spinal nerves
deep intrinsic
three layers of deep intrinsic back muscles
superficial (splenius), intermediate (erector spinae), deep (transversospinalis muscles)
intrinsic muscles provide primarily blank and blank for posture
extension, proprioception
intrinsic muscles also blank and produce movment of the trunk
stabilize
muscles that produce movements and proprioception at the craniovertebral joints
suboccipital muscles
four main components of vertebral canal
spinal cord, spinal nerve roots, csf, meninges
spinal cord occupies only the two superior blank of the canal
two thirds
two enlargements related to innervation of the limbs
cervical, lumbosacral
end of the spinal cord
conus medullaris
conus medullaris ends at the blank vertebra
L1 or L2
the blank and blank from the lumbosacral part of the spinal cord form the blank and continue inferiorly within the lumbar blank containing blank
filum terminale, spinal nerve roots, cauda equina, cistern, csf
csf is contained within the blank sac and blank sheaths
dural, dural root
the fluid filled subarachnoid space is lined with blank and blank mater which are continuous meninges
pia, arachnoid
continuous meninges
leptomeninges
csf is often sampled from the blank because of no spinal cord
lumbar cistern
these arteries supply the spinal cord and are reinforced by asymmetric segmental medullary arteries
longitudinal spinal arteries
where segmental medullary arteries do not occur, blank arteries supply the nerve roots
radicular
veins draining the spinal cord have a distribution and drainage generally reflective of the blank
spinal arteries
fracturing or avulsing of C2 would sever the spinal cord and blank would stop because the blank nerve innervates the blank
breathing, phrenic, diaphragm
spondylolysis in the lumbar vertebrae shows a blank on the neck of the blank
fracture, scottie dog
atypical cervical vertebrae
c1, c2, c7
c2 - c6 unique characteristic
bifid spinous process
c3-c7 characteristic
uncinate processes
c7 unique name and has a blank
vertebra prominens, longer spinous process
cervical facet orientation is nearly blank
horizontal
iv discs in the cervical vertebrae are blank
relatively thick compared to the body (highest ratio)
atlas does not have these two things
body, spinous process
the blank of c2 acts as atlas’s blank
body
“spinous process” of atlas
posterior tubercle
atlanto occipital joint produces the blank movement
yes
atlanto axial joint allows for blank movement
“no” movement
there is a blank atlantoaxial joint and two blank atlantaxial joints
median, lateral
blank is limited in thoracic vertebrae because of ribs attaching
sidebending
l1-l3 has articular facets in the blank plane
sagittal
lumbar blank movement is very limited in l1-l3
rotation
since sacrum is fused vertebrae, median crest is like blank, intermediate crest is like blank, and lateral crest is like blank
spinous processes, articular processes, transverse processes
through the foramina come the blank parts of nerves
anterior/posterior primary rami
S5 and coccygeal emerge from blank
sacral hiatus
largest iv disc
L5 S1
joints between C3-C6 only
uncovertebral joints
outer part of iv disc
annulus fibrosus
inner part of iv disc
nucleus pulposus
eccentric location and high blank content in nucleus pulposus
water
a disc herniation is when the blank penetrates blank
nucleus pulposus, annulus fibrosus
disc herniation usually occur in a blank direction because the blank guards the blank of the vertebrae
posterolateral, anterior longitudinal ligament, anterior part
narrow foramen in one or more lumbar vertebrae which can cause compression of one or more spinal nerve roots… may require a laminectomy
lumbar spinal stenosis
osteoarthritis of these joints may affect spinal nerves
zygapophyseal
osteoarthritis of z joints will cause pain along blank and spasms along blank
dermatomes, myotomes
treatment of back pain caused by disease of z joints
denervation of lumbar z joints at two adjacent posterior rami
derangement along a spinal nerve
radiculopathy
lumbar vertebrae have the blank instead of the spinal cord coming through it
cauda equina
these stabilize intervertebral discs and vertebral bodies
ligaments
ligament of intervertebral joints that runs from sacrum to C2 and is wide
anterior longitudinal ligament
ligament of intervertebral joint that is sacrum to c2, narrow, and is more loosely attached
posterior longitudinal ligament
the PLL is continuous superiorly with the blank
tectorial membrane
ligament of vertebral arches that connect the laminae act continuous but are not
flavum
ligament of vertebral arch that is the sacrum to c7 that turns into nuchal ligament
supraspinous
ligament of vertebral arches that is c7 to occiput and comes from the supraspinous ligament
nuchal
all vertebral arch ligaments all funciton to prevent excessive blank
flexion
this vertebral arch ligament helps prevent lateral flexion
intertransverse
vertebral arch ligament that connects spinous processes
interspinous
atlanto occipital joint type
synovial condyloid
atlantoaxial joint types
synovial (2 planar - facets, 1 pivot - around dens)
ligament that is continuous with ALL
anterior atlanto occipital membrane
ligament that is continuous with ligamentum flavum
posterior antlanto occipital membrane
atlanto axial joint ligament that is transverse and has superior/inferior bands
cruciate (cruciform)
ala means blank
wing
ligaments of the atlanto axial jiont that limits rotation
alar
typical vertebrae are supplied by blank
segmental arteries
spinal branches of arteries go through blank
intervertebral foramina
back muscles that are superficial/intermediate for limb and respiratory movements
extrinsic
only blank fibers are carried in the spinal accessory nerve to the traps
motor
proprioceptive fibers of the traps are at blank
c3,c4
6.5
702
two intermediate back muscles
serratus posterior superior, serratus posterior inferior
blank is more likely to cause herniation of the nucleus pulposus
flexion (posterolateral herniation)
disc herniations are very rare in blank
young people
95 percent of lumbar disc protrusions occur at these levels
l4-l5 or l5-s1
sciatica is often caused by a herniated disc that compresses the blank component of the sciatic nerve
l5 or s1
back pain is the blank most common reason for visiting doctor
second
zygapophyseal joint pain is usually associated with blank
osteoarthritis (aging)
as we age, our nucleus pulposus becomes blank
dried out
iv discs blank in size with age
increase
deep back muscles in superficial layer
splenius (capitis, cervicis) (cervical posterior rami)
bilateral action of splenius capitis
extend the head
unilateral action of splenius capitis
rotate and sidebend ipsilaterally
t7 has blank articulations
12
c5 has blank articulations
10
superior attachment of muscle is blank for practical
most important
ligamentum flavum is not quite blank with tectorial membrane
continuous
spinalis capitis fibers run blank (probably on practical) (PA 9)
superomedially
thoracic vertebrae of articular processes facing blank
anterior/posterior
lumbar vertebrae has articular processes facing blank
medially
rotatores blank is one segment
brevis
rotatores blank is two segments
longus
only suboccipital muscle that does not extend the head
obliquus capitis inferior
the obliquus capitis inferior does blank the head but does not blank the head
rotate, attach to
conduction pathway between brain and body and major reflex center
spinal cord
spinal cord begins at blank
caudal brainstem
spinal cord ends at blank
medullary cone l1-l2
cervical enlargement is at blank
c4-t1
lumbosacral enlargement is at blank
t11 - s1
spinal cord is blank at the lumbar area
smaller
presynaptic sympathetic neurons begin at blank
IML
cauda equina is made of blank
nerve roots
filum terminale is an extension of blank
pia mater
roots are nerve fibers that exit/enter the spinal cord to form a blank
peripheral (spinal) nerve
t4 spinal ganglion exits through intervertebral foramen blank t4
below
spinal nerves create a blank around the entire thorax like a tape measure
dermatome
3 spaces of spinal cord
epidural, subdural, subarachnoid
epidural space contains blank
epidural fat
potential space that can show up during pathology
subdural
