anatomy that considers the organization of the human body as major parts … ex) head
regional
anatomy that is the knowledge of what lies under the skin using visualization techniques… things that are palpable
surface anatomy
clinical application of surface anatomy
physical examination
carefully prepared dissections for demonstrating anatomical structures
prosections
study of body’s organ systems and how they work together
systemic anatomy
anatomy that emphasizes aspects of bodily structure and function important in the practice of medicine
clinical anatomy
vertical plane passing longitudinally through the body
median (sagittal)
vertical planes that pass parallel to median plane
sagittal
vertical planes that create anterior and posterior
frontal (coronal)
horizontal planes passing through middle of body to make superior and anterior
transverse
used instead of anterior for brain
rostral
something occurring on the same side of the body as another structure
ipsilateral
occurring on the opposite side of the body as another structure
contralateral
layer of skin that is cellular
epidermis
layer of skin that has deep connective tissue
dermis
also called wrinkles
tension lines
fascia composed mostly of loose connective tissue and stored fat and sweat glands
subcutaneous fascia (tissue)
small fibrous bands from subcutaneous fascia to underlying deep fascia
skin ligaments
dense connective tissue fascia that insulates materials
deep fascia
thick sheets of deep fascia separate fascial compartments and attach to bones
intermuscular septa
near some joints, deep fascia thickens, forming a blank to hold tendons in place
retinaculum
lies between internal surfaces of musculoskeletal walls and serous membranes lining body cavities
subserous fascia
closed sacs or envelopes of serous membrane
bursae
resilient connective tissue that is flexibile
cartilage
fibrous connective tissue surrounding bones
periosteum
fibrous connective tissue surrounding cartilage
perichondrium
little cavities in spongy bone
spicules
shaft of bone ossified from the primary ossification center is the blank
diaphysis
part of bone ossified from secondary ossification centers
epiphyses
flared part of diaphyses near the epiphyses
metaphyses
growth plate
epiphysial plate
microscopic canal systems in bones
haversian systems
nerves in bone that cause constriction or dilation of blood vessels. thus regulating blood flow through marrow
periosteal nerves
small irregular worm like bones
sutural bones
fibrous joint uniting bones with a sheet of fibrous tissue
syndesmosis
primary cartilaginous joints have bones united by blank
hyaline cartilage
secondary cartilaginous joints are slightly movable united by blank
fibrocartilage
states that the nerves supplying a joint also supply the muscles moving the joint and the skin covering their distal attachments
Hilton law
hole in baby’s heads
fontanelles
tendons of some muscles form flat sheets called
aponeuroses
muscles with parallel fibers often with aponeuroses
flat
muscles feather like
pennate
muscles that are splindle shaped with a round thick belly like biceps
fusiform
muscles from broad area come together and form a single tendon like pectoralis major
convergent
muscles with four equal sides like rectus abdominis
quadrate muscles
muscles that surround a body opening or orifice that constrict
sphincteral
more than one head muscles or more than one belly (triceps)
multiheaded/multibellied
two types of isotonic contraction
concentric, eccentric
muscle that resists dislocating forces in joints
shunt muscle
more capable of rapid and effective movements muscle type
spurt muscle
muscular wall of heart
myocardium
inner lining of blood vessel consisting of single layer of flat epithelial cells
tunica intima (endothelium)
middle layer of blood vessel that is smooth muscle
tunica media
outer connective tissue layer of blood vessel
tunica adventitia
communication between multiple branches of an artery provide detours for blood flow in case the usual pathway is obstructed
anastomoses
arteries without anastomoses are blank arteries
true terminal arteries
a venous system linking two capillary beds is called a blank
portal venous system
network of lymphatic capillaries that originate blindly in the extracellular spaces of most tissues
lymphatic plexuses
tissue fluid that is found almost everywhere in the body
lymph
small masses of lymphatic tissue that filter lymph vessels
lymph nodes
circulating cells of the immune system that react against foreign materials
lymphocytes
parts of the body that produce lymphocytes, such as the thymus
lymphoid organ
duct that drains lymph from the body’s upper right quadrant
right lymphatic duct
duct that drains lymph from the remainder of the body
thoracic duct
neurons with two or more dendrites and a single axon… most common type of neuron
multipolar motor neurons
neurons with short single process extending from the cell body
pseudounipolar sensory neurons
five times as abundant as neurons and are non excitable
neuroglia
these two things protect the CNS
csf, meninges
CSF is located between these two layers
pia, arachnoid
consists of axon, neurolemma, and surrounding endoneural connective tissue
nerve fiber
consists of the cell membranes of Schwann cells that immediatly surround axon that separates it from other axons
neurolemma
delicate connective tissue immediately surrounding the neurilemma cells and axons
endoneurium
layer of dense connective tissue that encloses a fascicle of nerve fibers
perineurium
thick connective tissue sheath that surrounds and encloses a bundle of fascicles
epineurium
nerve root that is efferent
ventral
nerve root that is afferent
dorsal
muscle mass receiving innervation by a single spinal nerve… like a dermatome
myotome
nerves that convey visceral efferent and afferent fibers to and from the viscera of the body cavities
splanchnic nerves
mri is better than ct scans for blank
tissue differentiation
posterior is blank
afferent
anterior is blank
efferent
ramus is the first blank
branch
most major nerves in the body are collections of blank
anterior rami
plexuses are gatherings of blank not blank
anterior rami, posterior rami
posterior rami only go to blank and blank
back muscles, skin
ganglion is collection of cell bodies outside blank
CNS
roots and rami are blank
unidirectional
white is blank
sensory, in
gray is blank
motor, out
these nerves are parasympathetic
3,7,9,10
branches to the heart, bronchi, kidney, gi tract… major cranial nerve
vagus
