study of structure of human body
anatomy
anatomy that considers body as organized into segments or parts
regional anatomy
anatomy that sees the body as organized into organ systems
systemic
anatomy that emphasizes application of anatomical knowledge to medicine
clinical anatomy
descriptive terms standardized in an international reference
guide
Anatomical terms
are often used in clinical settings but are not recommended because they do
not provide anatomical context and are not standardized.
Eponyms
are based on the body in the anatomical position
Anatomical directional terms
blank anatomical planes divide the body
four
are common and students should expect to encounter them
during dissection
anatomical variations
consists of the epidermis, dermis, and specialized structures (hair follicles, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands)
integumentary system
three things about skin
protection/heat reg/sensation, synthesize/store vitamin d, features tension lines
contains most of the body’s
fat stores.
subcutaneous tissue
an organized connective tissue layer that completely envelops the
body beneath the subcutaneous tissue underlying the skin
deep fascia
four extensions/modifications of deep fascia
intermuscular septa, investing fascia, subserous fascia, hold tendons in place (retinacula)
closed sacs formed of serous membrane that occur in locations subject to
friction; they enable one structure to move freely over another.
bursae
four tissue types of skeleton
cartilage, bone, periostium, perichondrium
five bone classificaitons
long, short, flat, irregular, sesamoid
two processes of bone growth
intramembranous ossification, endochondral ossification
bone growth where bone subsequently replacing most of the cartilage after birth
endochondral ossification
bone growth where mesenchymal bone models are formed during the embryonic and prenatal periods
intramembranous ossification
a union between two or more bones or rigid parts of the skeleton
joint
three types of joints
fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial
most common joint
freely moveable synovial
six types of freely moveable synovial
plane, hinge, saddle, condyloid, ball and socket, pivot
freely movable synovial joints receive blood from blank arteries and blank
articular, anastomoses
freely movable synovial joints are richly innervated by blank
articular nerves
six muscle types
flat, pennate, fusiform, quadrate, sphincteral, multihead/multibelly
skeletal muscle functions by
contracting
muscles primarily responsible for particular movements.
prime movers (agonists)
muscles that “fix” a part of a limb while another part of the limb is moving
fixators
muscles that augment the action of prime movers
synergists
blank muscles oppose the actions of another muscle
antagonists
muscle is a striated muscle type found in the walls of the heart, or
myocardium
cardiac
smooth muscle is not blank
striated
smooth and cardiac muscle are innervated by blank
ANS
three coats of blood vessels
tunica intima, tunica media, tunica adventitia
two fibers in arteries
elastic, muscle
drains surplus fluid from the extracellular spaces to the
bloodstream.
lymphoid system
two divisions of nervous system
CNS, PNS
three components of a neuron
cell body, dendrite, axon
transmit impulses to other neurons or to a target
organ or muscle, or in the case of sensory nerves, transmit impulses to the CNS from
peripheral sensory organs.
nerve fibers
Within the CNS, a collection of nerve cell bodies is called a
nucleus
in the PNS,
nerve cell body aggregations (or even solitary nerve cell bodies) constitute a
ganglion
In the CNS, a bundle of nerve fibers that connect the nuclei is called a
tract
in the
PNS, a bundle of nerve fibers, the connective tissue holding it together, and the blood
vessels serving it (vasa nervorum) constitute a
nerve
most cranial nerves convey
a variety of
fibers… not just motor or sensory
s a subdivision of the motor nervous system that
controls functions of the body not under conscious control.
ans
two neuron fibers that connect the CNS with an end
organ
presynaptic, postsynaptic
Based on the location of the cell body of the presynaptic fibers, the ANS can be
subdivided into two divisions
sympathetic, parasympathetic
Presynaptic cell bodies of the sympathetic division are found only in the blank
thoracolumbar spinal cord
presynaptic sympathetic nerve fibers terminate in blank
sympathetic ganglia
Sympathetic ganglia are in the blank or blank
paravertebral ganglia, prevertebral ganglia
Cell bodies of the presynaptic neurons of the parasympathetic division are in the blank and blank
gray matter of brainstem, sacral segments of spinal cord
Cell bodies of postsynaptic parasympathetic neurons of the trunk are located in or on
the
structure being innervated
cell bodies of postsynaptic parasympathetic neurons in the head are organized into discrete
ganglia
sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions usually have opposite but
coordinated blank
effects
Some nerves distributing autonomic nerve fibers to the body cavities also convey blank nerve fibers
visceral sensory
these techniques enable the visualization of anatomy in living people
medical imaging
The primary goal of medical imaging is, of course, to
detect pathology
a
sound knowledge of radiologic anatomy is required to distinguish pathologies and
abnormalities from
normal anatomy
motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates
motor unit
everyday activity that latissimus dorsi does
wiping
nervous is functionally divided into these two divisions
ANS, SNS
fibers that innervate joints, skin, and skeletal muscle
somatosensory fibers
fibers that innervate skeletal muscle
somatomotor fibers
fibers that innervate glands, smooth muscle, cardiac muscle
visceromotor fibers
fibers that innervate vessels and viscera
viscerosensory fibers
a nerve can carry many different types of blank
fibers
in PNS there are blank cranial nerves and blank spinal nerves
12, 31 (plus spinal root of XI)
cranial nerves begin in the blank
brainstem
provides general sensory and motor innervation to all of the body
somatic nervous system
this system does touch, pain, temperature, and position
somatic sensory system
this system does all voluntary and reflexive movements
somatic motor system
learn i 41 in the book including posterior primary ramus, anterior primary ramus, thing in the middle,
okay
a reflex synapses in the blank not blank
spinal cord, brain
controls movement of involuntary musculature and glands
visceral motor system
visceral motor system is part of the blank systenm
autonomic nervous
between pages 58 - 61 look at diagrams
okay
cell bodies of sympathetic visceral motor system reside in blank
intermediolateral cell columns
intermediolateral cell columns are part of blank matter from blank to blank segments
gray, T1, L3
cell bodies of sympathetic visceral motor exit through blank then through blank
anterior primary rami, white rami communicantes
sympathetic presynaptic fibers synapse usually at the blank column at the blank ganglia
paravertebral column, sympathetic
white rami communicantes is blank and blank from the spinal nerve
in, farther
gray rami communicantes is blank and is blank to the spinal nerve
out, closer to
the blank column is sympathetic and serves viscera unlike the paravertebral column
prevertebral
parasympathetic cell bodies reside in blank and blank
sacral gray matter (S2-S4), brainstem gray matter (CN 3,7,9,10)
