two bones of the neck
cervical vertebrae, hyoid
there is a lot of blank and blank at the neck
crowding, vulnerability
hyoid has a main blank, a blank going posteriorly, and a blank going superiorly
body, greater horn, lesser horn
most chronic pain is due to blank
osteoarthritis
strangulation often causes blank
hyoid fracture
the blank muscle is in the subcutaneous fascia of the neck
platysma
three deep cervical fascias
investing, pretracheal, prevertebral
investing fascia covers all of the anterior neck except
platysma
deep cervical fascia with a muscular layer as well as two visceral layers
pretracheal
fascia that wraps around and creates bend of digastric and omohyoid muscles
pretracheal
the pretracheal fascia is continuous with the fibrous blank
pericardium (external sac of the heart)
all of the muscles acting on the vertebral column are wrapped in this fascia
prevertebral
prevertebral fascia extends into the blank as the blank
axilla, axillary sheath
prevertebral fascia is continuous into the thorax and called the blank fascia
endothoracic
this is a space behind the pharynx
retropharyngeal space
retropharyngeal space is between the blank and blank fascia
prevertebral, alar
four regions of the neck
anterior, lateral, posterior, scm
three items in the scm region
scm muscle, external jugular vein, erb’s point nerves
two erb’s point nerves in scm region
transverse cervical nerve, great auricular nerve
contraction or shortening of cervical muscles causing twisting of neck and slant of head
congenital torticollis
three scm actions
posterior fibers extend the head, protrusion, unilateral contralateral rotation, unilateral ipsilateral sidebending
usually begins in adulthood and is when the neck is turned, tilted, flexed, or extended involuntarily
spasmodic torticollis
great auricular nerve and transverse cervical nerve are branches of blank plexus so they are blank rami and are both blank
cervical, anterior, sensory
posterior cervical region boundaries
external occipital protuberance, across superior trap, diagonally up to external occ prot
some blank rami in the posterior cervical region
posterior
lateral cervical region boundaries
trapezius, clavicle, and scm…. making a triangle
lateral cervical region is subdivided by the blank into the blank triangle and the blank triangle
inferior belly of omohyoid, occipital, omoclavicular
floor muscles of lateral cervical region
splenius capitis, levator scap, posterior scalene, middle scalene
most important clinical structure of the lateral cervical region
spinal accessory
floor muscles of lateral cervical region are covered by blank fascia
prevertebral
congenital torticollis is caused by blank and shortening of the blank
fibrosis, scm
most cervical pain is caused by blank abnormalities or blank
bony, trauma
blank is very difficult after hyoid fracture
swallowing
when food gets into lungs and causes infection because of hyoid fracture not separating the alimentary and respiratory tracts
aspiration pneumonia
three arteries in the lateral cervical region… most prominent one first
transverse cervical, suprascapular, occipital, subclavian
three veins in lateral cervical region.. most obvious first
external jugular, subclavian, brachiocephalic
subclavian artery turns into blank artery when it crosses clavicle or first rib
axillary
carotid sheath is made up of
common carotid, internal jugular, vagus nerve
three nerves in lateral cervical region
spinal accessory, roots of brachial plexus, suprascapular
two muscles innervated by suprascapular nerve
supraspinatus, infraspinatus
strongest internal rotator muscle of shoulder
supraspinatus
four cutaneous nerves of cervical plexus in lateral cervical region… erb’s point
lesser occipital, great auricular, transverse cervical, supraclavicular
a motor nerve of the cervical plexus in the lateral cervical region
phrenic
motor supply to most infrahyoid muscles and part of cervical plexus
ansa cervicalis
most motor fibers of hypoglossal nerve innervate blank
tongue
superior root of ansa cervicalis
C1
inferior root of ansa cervicalis
C2, C3
four triangles of anterior cervical region
submandibular, carotid, muscular, submental (unpaired)
three muscles of submandibular triangle
hyoglossus, middle constrictor, mylohyoid
there is a blank gland in submandibular triangle
submandibular
submandibular blank are also in submandibular triangle
lymph nodes
important nerve in submandibular triangle
hypoglossal
two arteries in submandibular triangle
facial, submental artery
the facial artery is one of the most blank arteries in the body
facial
common carotid artery includes these components
internal, external
carotid triangle contains this important artery and vein
common carotid, internal jugular vein
carotid triangle contains these two important nerves
vagus, ansa cervicalis
carotid triangle contains deep cervical blank
lymph nodes
borders of carotid triangle
digastric posterior belly, scm, omohyoid
external carotid artery terminates into these two
maxillary, superficial temporal
four muscular triangle muscles (strap muscles)
omohyoid, sternothyroid, sternohyoid, thyrohyoid (C1 only)
two viscera glands of muscular triangle
thyroid, parathyroid
two contents of submental triangle
lymph nodes, anterior jugular vein
borders of submental triangle
two digastric anterior bellies, hyoid bone
four suprahyoid muscles
mylohyoid, geniohyoid, stylohyoid, digastric
lesions of spinal accessory nerve are blank
uncommon
spinal accessory nerve damage usually presents with weakness in turning head to blank against blank
opposite side, resistance
blank shoulders and inability to elevate/ retract shoulders are characteristic of spinal accessory nerve lesion
drooping
suprascapular nerve is vulnerable to injury in fractures of the middle third of the blank
clavicle
injury to suprascapular nerve results in loss of blank of humerus at glenohumeral joint
lateral rotation
carotid occlusion may cause a partial blank
stroke
carotid occlusions can be relieved by stripping blank from blank
plaque, intima
endarterectomy can cause damage to blank
cranial nerves
these are in a good position to monitor oxygen content of blood before it reaches the brain
carotid bodies
carotid bodies respond to increased blank or blank in blood
co2, free hydrogen ions
internal carotid has blank in neck
no branches
external carotid has blank in neck
branches
this artery has three parts divided by anterior scalene
subclavian
branches of sublavian
vertebral, internal thoracic, thyrocervical trunk, costocervical trunk, dorsal scapular
where two vertebral arteries come together in brain
vertebrobasilar
three branches of throcervical trunk
inferior thyroid, suprascapular, transverse cervical
two branches of costocervical trunk
deep cervical, highest intercostal
jugular system of veins
anterior, external, internal
other important vein of the neck besides jugulars
brachiocephalic
external jugular drains into blank vein
subclavian
internal jugular vein carries blank blood than external
more
anterior jugular vein is superficial to the blank so drains everything superficial to that
investing fascia
three parts of pharynx
nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx
choanae, pharyngeal tonsil, pharyngotympanic tube are parts of blank
nasopharynx
roof of nasopharynx, bottom of pharynx
occipital bone and sphenoid, soft palate
fouces is the back of the
throat
palatine tonsils are in the blank
oropharynx
oropharynx ends at blank
C6
this is where the esophagus begins
laryngopharynx
pharyngeal tonsils are aka
adenoids
pharyngotympanic tube connects blank to blank
middle ear, pharynx
pharyngotympanic tube does what
equalizes pressure
three pharyngeal constrictor muscles
superior, middle, inferior
fibrous middle part of some of the pharyngeal constrictor muscles
raphe
three longitudinal pharyngeal muscles
stylopharyngeus, salpingopharyngeus, palatopharyngeus
sheet muscle that makes up the wall of the oral cavity
buccinator
esophagus has circular muscle on blank and longitudinal on blank
inside, outside
longitudinal pharyngeal muscles all blank the pharynx
elevate
stylopharyngeus is innervated by
CN 9
fancy word for swallowing
deglutition
three unpaired cartilages of larynx
epiglottis, thyroid, cricoid
three paired cartilages
arytenoid, corniculate, cuneiform
tracheostomy should be performed between blank and blank cartilage
thyroid, cricoid
a tracheostomy is done just below the blank/ blank
thyroid, cricoid cartilage
opening between the vocal folds of the internal larynx
rema
held breath blank rema
closes
laryngeal muscles are all innervated by blank
vagus nerve
sensation from coughing and sneezing and swallowing is because of the blank in the blank larynx
vagus nerve, internal
prevertebral deep muscles of the neck
longus colli, longus capitis, rectus capitis anterior, rectus capitis lateralis, scalenes
lesion of cervical sympathetic trunk causes blank
horners syndrome
constricted pupil
miosis
drooping eyelid
ptosis
lack of sweating
anhydrosis
ptosis, anhydrosis, and miosis are all parts of blank
horner’s syndrome
