Chapter 4 - Eukaryotes Flashcards
(101 cards)
1
Q
cell wall of eukaryotes compared to bacteria
A
different in chemical composition
2
Q
the cell membrane of eukaryotes
A
Typical bilayer of phospholipids in which protein molecules are embedded
2
Q
cell wall of eukaryotes is composed of
A
chitin and cellulose, outer layer of mixed glycans
3
Q
sterols in eukaryotes cell membrane provide
A
stability to the membrane, important in cells that do not have cell wall
4
Q
Cytoplasmic membranes of eukaryotes serve as
A
selectively permeable barriers
5
Q
Most prominent organelle of eukaryotic cells
A
nucleus
6
Q
nuclear envelope (eukaryotes)
A
separates cell cytoplasm and nucleus
7
Q
(eukaryotes) nuclear envelope is composed of
A
two parallel membranes (lipid bilayers) separated by narrow space
8
Q
(eukaryotes) what migrates through the nuclear envelope pores
A
macromolecules
9
Q
(eukaryotes) nucleolus is found in
A
nucleoplasm
10
Q
(eukaryotes) nucleolus is a site of
A
ribosomal RNA synthesis
11
Q
(eukaryotes) nucleolus is a collection area for
A
ribosomal subunits
12
Q
(eukaryotes) chromatin is made of
A
linear DNA and histone proteins
13
Q
(eukaryotes) appendages for moving
A
cilia and flagella
14
Q
eukaryotic cilia are only found in
A
protozoa and certain animal cells
15
Q
(eukaryotes) outermost layer that comes into direct contact with the environment
A
glycocalyx
16
Q
(eukaryotes) internal structures of the nucleus
A
nucleolus and chromatin
17
Q
(eukaryotes) internal structures of endoplasmic reticulum
A
rough endoplasmic reticulum, smooth endoplasmic reticulum
18
Q
(eukaryotes) where do ribosomes attach
A
surface of rough endoplasmic reticulum
19
Q
(eukaryotes) RER allows transport of materials from/to where
A
from nucleus to the cytoplasm and cell’s exterior
20
Q
(eukaryotes) closed tubular network without ribosomes
A
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
21
Q
(eukaryotes) smooth endoplasmic reticulum plays a role in
A
nutrient processing and synthesis/storage of nonprotein macromolecules (such as lipids)
22
Q
(eukaryotes) internal structure of golgi apparatus
A
vesicles, lysosomes, vacuoles, chloroplasts ribosomes
23
Q
(eukaryotes) processing and shipping
A
golgi apparatus
24
(eukaryotes) the site in the cell in which proteins are modified and then sent to their final destinations
golgi apparatus
25
(eukaryotes) golgi apparatus consists of several flattened, disc-shaped sacs called
cisternae
26
(eukaryotes) golgi apparatus is always closely associated with
endoplasmic reticulum
27
(eukaryotes) vesicles - golgi apparatus
transitional vesicles
condensing vesicles
28
(eukaryotes) transitional vesicles
vesicles from the endoplasmic reticulum are picked up at the face of the Golgi apparatus
29
(eukaryotes) where within golgi apparatus are proteins modified and how
transitional vesicles / within cisternae
by addition of polysaccharides and lipids
30
(eukaryotes) condensing vesicles function
pinch off of the Golgi apparatus - conveyed to lysosomes or transported outside the cell
31
(eukaryotes) lysosomes within GA - 3 functions
digestion of food, protection against invading microorganisms, removal of cell debris in damaged tissue
32
(eukaryotes) Membrane-bound sacs containing fluids or solid particles to be digested, excreted, or stored
vacuoles
33
(eukaryotes) where are vacuoles found and why
in phagocytic cells in response to food and other substances that have been engulfed
34
(eukaryotes) contents of a food vacuole are digested through a merger of a vacuole with
lysosome
35
(eukaryotes) chloroplasts are found where
in algae and plant cells
36
(eukaryotes) what is capable of converting energy from sunlight into chemical energy through photosynthesis
chloroplasts
37
(eukaryotes) what produces oxygen gas as a by-product of photosynthesis
chloroplasts
38
(eukaryotes) what resembles mitochondria but is larger, contains pigments and varies in shape
chloroplasts
39
(eukaryotes) what is scattered freely in the cytoplasm and cytoskeleton
ribosomes
40
(eukaryotes) where do ribosomes attach
rough endoplasmic reticulum
41
(eukaryotes) ribosomes appear inside which 2 cells
mitochondria and chloroplasts
42
(eukaryotes) multiple ribosomes are often found arranged in short chains called
polyribosomes (polysomes)
43
eukaryotic ribosome is 80S - a combination of
60S and 40S subunits ribonucleoprotein
44
3 functions of eukaryotic cytoskeleton
anchoring organelles, moving RNA and vesicles, permitting shape change and movement
45
3 main types of eukaryotic cytoskeletal elements
actin filaments - long, thin strands
intermediate filaments - ropelike structures
microtubules - long, hollow tubes
46
(eukaryotes) yeasts shape and reproduction
round to oval shape
asexual reproduction - budding
47
(eukaryotes) what are hyphae and where are they found
long threadlike cells found in the bodies of filamentous fungi
48
(eukaryotes) what is pseudohypha
chain of yeast cells
49
(eukaryotes) some fungi can take either form. which means they are considered
dimorphic
50
(eukaryotes) how many species of fungi can cause human disease
nearly 300
51
(eukaryotes) 3 types of fungal disease in humans
community - enviromental pathogens
hospital - clinical settings
opportunistic - in weakened individuals
52
(eukaryotes) fungi harmless spores can cause opportunistic infections in which patients
AIDS patients
53
(eukaryotes) fungal cell walls give off chemical substances that can trigger
allergies
54
(eukaryotes) toxins produced by poisonous mushrooms can induce
neurological disturbance and death
55
(eukaryotes) aspergillus flavus synthesizes a poison called xx which is lethal to xx
aflatoxin, lethal to animals who eat contaminated grain
56
(eukaryotes) percentage of yearly fruit crop consumed by fungi
40%
57
(eukaryotes) 4 benefits of fungi
1. decomposing
2. increase plant root ability to absorb water and nutrients
3. medicine
4. provide flavoring to food
58
(eukaryotes) fungi nutrition types
heterotrophic
saprobic
parasitic
59
(eukaryotes) fungi heterotrophic nutrition
acquire nutrition from a wide variety of organic substrates
60
(eukaryotes) fungi saprobic nutrition
from remnants of dead plants and animals in soil or water
61
(eukaryotes) fungi parasitic nutrition
on the bodies of living animals or plants
62
(eukaryotes) fungi are often found in
nutritionally poor or adverse environments, and those with high salt or sugar content
63
(eukaryotes) cells of most microscopic fungi grow in
loose associations and colonies
64
(eukaryotes) colonies of yeasts appearance
soft, uniform texture
65
(eukaryotes) colonies of filamentous fungi appearance
cottony, hair, or velvety texture
66
(eukaryotes) woven, intertwining mass of hyphae that makes up the body or colony of a mold
mycelium
67
(eukaryotes) septa in fungi allows flow of
organelles and nutrients between adjacent compartments
68
(eukaryotes) non septate hyphae consist of
one, long, continuous cell
69
(eukaryotes) what is responsible for the visible mass of growth that appears on a substrate
vegetative hyphae
70
(eukaryotes) reproductive or fertile hyphae produce
spores
71
(eukaryotes) asexual spore formation
sporangiospores
conidiospores (conidia)
72
(eukaryotes) hyphae sporangiospores are formed by
cleavages within a saclike head called a sporangium, which is attached to a stalk, the sporangiophore
73
(eukaryotes) hyphae free spores not enclosed by a spore-bearing sac
conidiospores (conidia)
74
(eukaryotes) hyphae sexual spore formation works by mixing of
DNA from two parent fungi
75
(eukaryotes) protozoa name comes from
greek - "first animals"
76
(eukaryotes) how many protozoa is there and what are they
12 000 species
inhabitants of soil and water - few are pathogens
77
(eukaryotes) single cell containing all major eukaryotic organelles
protozoa
78
(eukaryotes) protozoa cytoplasm is divided into two parts
ectoplasm (outer layer)
endoplasm (inner region)
79
(eukaryotes) pseudopods
"false feet" - protozoa movement
80
(eukaryotes) cell membrane of protozoa regulates what 3 things
food, wastes, secretion
81
(eukaryotes) protozoa cell shape 2 types
constant (ciliates) or change constantly (amoebas)
82
(eukaryotes) protozoans require food in a complex organic form which makes them
heterotrophic
83
(eukaryotes) some protozoa have feeding structures such as
oral grooves
84
(eukaryotes) some protozoans absorb food directly through
cell membrane
85
(eukaryotes) main limiting factor for protozoa nutrition is
availability of moisture
86
(eukaryotes) motile feeding stage of protozoans requiring ample food and moisture to stay active
trophozoite
87
(eukaryotes) dormant, resting stage of protozoa when conditions in the environment become unfavorable
cyst
88
(eukaryotes) all protozoa reproduce by
asexual mitotic cell division
89
(eukaryotes) most but not all protozoa reproduce how
sexually (ciliates - two cells fuse and exchange micronuclei)
90
(eukaryotes) helminths include
tapeworm, flukes, roundworms
91
(eukaryotes) flatworm / phylum Platyhelminthes appearance and divison
thin, segmented body plan
divided into cestodes (tapeworms) and trematodes (flukes)
92
(eukaryotes) roundworms / phylum aschelminths appearance and other name
also called nematodes
elongated, cylindrical, unsegmented
93
(eukaryotes) the most developed organ in helminths is
reproductive tract
94
(eukaryotes) complete life cycle of helminth includes
fertilized egg, larval, adult stages
95
(eukaryotes) nematodes appearance of sexes
sexes are separate and different in appearance
96
(eukaryotes) trematodes appearance of sexes
separate or hermaphroditic
97
(eukaryotes) cestodes appearance of sexes
generally hermaphroditic
98
(eukaryotes) the host in which the larva of helminth develops is knows as
secondary host (intermediate)
99
(eukaryotes) adulthood and mating of the helminth happens where
in definitive (final) host
100
(eukaryotes) intermediate helminth host that experiences no parasitic development
transport host
