Quiz 4 - Chapter 11 & 12

Question 1

Microbial Relationships

Answer 1

Symbiosis: Mutualism, Commensalism, Parasitism

Question 2

Mutualism, Commensalism, Parasitism

Answer 2

Mutualism: Both organisms benefit (e.g., gut flora and humans)
Commensalism: One benefits while the other is unaffected (e.g., skin flora)
Parasitism: One benefits at the expense of the other (e.g., pathogens)

Question 3

Interaction between two organisms living together

Answer 3

Symbiosis

Question 4

Pathogenicity

Answer 4

The ability of a microbe to cause disease

Question 5

Traits that enhance the ability of a microbe to cause disease

Answer 5

Virulence Factors

Question 6

Virulence factors include

Answer 6

Adhesins
Enzymes
Toxins

Question 7

Structures that allow microbes to adhere to host cells

Answer 7

adhesins (virulence factor)

Question 8

hyaluronidase and collagenase that facilitate tissue invasion

Answer 8

Enzymes (virulence factor)

Question 9

Exotoxins and endotoxins that damage host tissues

Answer 9

Toxins (virulence factor)

Question 10

Infectious Disease Process (6 steps)

Answer 10

Entry: Pathogens enter the host
Adherence: Microbes adhere to host tissues via adhesins
Invasion: Microbes spread through tissues
Multiplication: Microbes reproduce and proliferate
Damage: Pathogens cause damage through direct destruction or toxin release
Exit: Pathogens leave the host to infect new hosts

Question 11

Disease Transmission

Answer 11

Contact (direct or indirect - fomites)
Droplet
Vehicle (contaminated water, food, air)
Vector (Insects or animals)

Question 12

3 Host Factors Influencing Infection

Answer 12

Genetic Factors
Immune Status
Age and Health

Question 13

which pathogens cause disease primarily in individuals with weakened immune systems or pre-existing conditions

Answer 13

Opportunistic Pathogens (example Candida species)

Question 14

define microbiome

Answer 14

The collection of microbes living in and on the human body, which can impact health and disease

Question 15

4 steps of Disease Progression

Answer 15

Incubation Period: The time between exposure to the pathogen and the appearance of symptoms
Prodromal Period: Early symptoms that are often non-specific
Illness Phase: The stage when symptoms are most severe
Convalescence Period: Recovery phase where symptoms diminish

Question 16

Clinical Microbiology Techniques

Answer 16

Culturing
Microscopy
Molecular Techniques

Question 17

Culturing Microbiology technique

Answer 17

Growing microbes in a lab to identify them

Question 18

microscopy microbiology technique

Answer 18

Visualizing microbes using microscopes

Question 19

molecular techniques

Answer 19

Methods like PCR for detecting specific microbial DNA

Question 20

Host-Microbe Interactions

Answer 20

Competitive Exclusion
Immunological Surveillance

Question 21

beneficial microbes can prevent pathogen colonization by competing for resources

Answer 21

Competitive Exclusion

Question 22

Immunological Surveillance

Answer 22

The immune system constantly monitors for pathogen presence

Question 23

Innate Immunity definition

Answer 23

Non-specific defense mechanisms present at birth

Question 24

Innate Immunity examples

Answer 24

physical barrier (skin, mucous membranes)
chemical barrier (secretions)
cellular defenses (phagocytes)
inflammation
fever

Question 25

Adaptive Immunity definition

Answer 25

Specific Defense Mechanisms: Develops over time and is tailored to specific pathogens

Question 26

Adaptive Immunity examples

Answer 26

Humoral Immunity Cell-Mediated Immunity

Question 27

Mediated by antibodies produced by B cells (immunity type)

Answer 27

Humoral Immunity

Question 28

T cells that directly attack infected cells or help other immune cells (immunity type)

Answer 28

Cell-Mediated Immunity

Question 29

Components of Adaptive Immunity

Answer 29

Antigens Antibodies T Cells B Cells

Question 30

Antigens

Answer 30

Substances that trigger an immune response

Question 31

Antibodies

Answer 31

Proteins produced by B cells that bind to antigens

Question 32

T cells

Answer 32

Include helper T cells (assist other immune cells) and cytotoxic T cells (destroy infected cells)

Question 33

B cells

Answer 33

Produce antibodies and can become memory cells for long-term immunity

Question 34

Immune Response Mechanisms (2 types)

Answer 34

Primary and secondary

Question 35

Primary Immune Response Mechanism

Answer 35

initial response to an antigen, which is slower and less effective

Question 36

Secondary Immune Response Mechanism

Answer 36

faster and more robust response upon subsequent exposure to the same antigen due to memory cell

Question 37

Immune System Disorders

Answer 37

Autoimmune Diseases Allergies Immunodeficiencies

Question 38

Autoimmune Diseases

Answer 38

immune system mistakenly attacks the body's own tissues (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis)

Question 39

Exaggerated immune responses to harmless substances (e.g., pollen, peanuts)

Answer 39

allergies

Question 40

Conditions where the immune system is impaired or deficient (e.g., HIV/AIDS)

Answer 40

Immunodeficiencies

Question 41

Purpose of vaccination

Answer 41

to stimulate the immune system to develop immunity against specific pathogens

Question 42

types of vaccinations

Answer 42

Live attenuated, inactivated, subunit, and mRNA vaccines

Question 43

Immune System Organization (organs)

Answer 43

Primary Lymphoid Organs Secondary Lymphoid Organs

Question 44

Primary Lymphoid Organs

Answer 44

Bone marrow and thymus, where immune cells develop and mature

Question 45

Secondary Lymphoid Organs

Answer 45

Lymph nodes, spleen, and mucosal-associated lymphoid tissues (MALT), where immune responses are initiated

Question 46

process of phagocytosis

Answer 46

recognition, engulfment, destruction

Question 47

phagocytes include

Answer 47

macrophages, neutrophils, dendritic cells

Question 48

function of complement system

Answer 48

group of proteins that enhance the ability of antibodies and phagocytes to clear pathogens directly kill pathogens or mark them for destruction

Question 49

inflammatory responses

Answer 49

acute, chronic

Question 50

acute inflammation is characterized by

Answer 50

redness, heat, swelling, and pain

Question 51

chronic inflammation is characterized by

Answer 51

Long-term inflammation that can lead to tissue damage (arthritis and atherosclerosis)

Question 52

Immunological Memory

Answer 52

memory B and T cells that persist after an infection and provide a faster and stronger response upon re-exposure to the same pathogen

Question 53

Vaccination Strategies

Answer 53

herd immunity booster shots

Question 54

Protection of the entire community when a significant proportion of individuals are immune, reducing the spread of disease

Answer 54

herd immunity

Question 55

Additional doses of a vaccine to maintain immunity over time

Answer 55

booster shots

Question 56

Immune Evasion Strategies by Pathogens

Answer 56

antigenic variation immune suppression

Question 57

Pathogens can change their surface antigens to evade immune detection

Answer 57

antigenic variation

Question 58

Some pathogens can suppress or evade the host’s immune response

Answer 58

immune supressions