Quiz 2 - Chapters 3 and 4 Flashcards
(151 cards)
1
Q
(BA) Histones
A
protein that provides structural support for a chromosome
2
Q
Bacteria Cell External - Appendages
A
Flagella, Pili, Fimbriae and Nanowires
3
Q
Bacteria Cell External - surface layers
A
S Layer and Glycocalyx
4
Q
Bacteria Cell Boundary (outer membrane)
A
Cell Wall and Cytoplasmic Membrane
5
Q
Bacteria - 8 internal structures
A
Cytoplasm
Ribosomes
Inclusions
Nucleoid/chromosome
Cytoskeleton
Endospore
Plasmid
Microcompartments
6
Q
3 components found in all bacteria
A
- Cell (Cytoplasmic) Membrane
- Bacterial Chromosome or Nucleoid
- ribosomes
7
Q
(BA) what is a thin sheet of lipid and protein that surrounds the cytoplasm and controls the flow of materials into and out of the cell pool
A
Cell (Cytoplasmic) Membrane
8
Q
what is bacterial chromosome or nucleoid composed of
A
condensed DNA molecules
9
Q
what are bacterial ribosomes composed of // what is it a site of
A
protein and RNA - site of protein synthesis
10
Q
9 components found in only some bacteria
A
- fimbriae
- outer membrane
- cell wall
- pilus
- glycocalyx
- plasmid
- flagellum
- nanotubes
- endospore
11
Q
Fine, hairlike bristles extending from the bacterial cell surface that help in adhesion to other cells and surfaces
A
Fimbriae
12
Q
bacterial extra membrane similar to cytoplasmic membrane but also containing lipopolysaccharide
A
outer membrane
13
Q
(BA) what controls flow of materials - portions of it are toxic to mammals when released
A
outer membrane
14
Q
semirigid casing that provides structural support and shape for the bacterial cell
A
cell wall
15
Q
appendage used for drawing another bacterium close in order to transfer DNA to it
A
pilus
16
Q
(BA) coating or layer of molecules external to the cell wall. It serves protective, adhesive, and receptor functions
A
glycocalyx
17
Q
(BA) glycocalyx fitting tightly
A
capsule
18
Q
(BA) glycocalyx fitting loosely and diffusing
A
slime layer
19
Q
(BA) another term for glycocalyx
A
tan coating
20
Q
(BA) double stranded DNA circle containing extra genes
A
plasmid
21
Q
(BA) Specialized appendage attached to the cell by a basal body that holds a long, rotating filament
A
flagellum
22
Q
Membrane extensions that allow bacteria to transmit electrons or nutrients to other bacteria or onto environmental surfaces
A
nanotubes/nanowire
23
Q
Dormant body formed within some bacteria that allows for their survival in adverse conditions
A
endospore
24
Q
5 bacterial shapes
A
- coccus (round, spherical)
- rod/bacillus (cylindrical)
- vibrio (curved rods)
- spirillum (slightly curled like a corkscrew)
- spirochete (spiral) - periplasmic flagella
25
(BA) what is it called when rod is short and plump
coccobacillus
26
(BA) diplococcus arrangement
two cells
27
(BA) Streptococcus arrangement
variable number of cocci in chains
28
(BA) tetrad cocci arrangement
cocci in packets of four
29
(BA) irregular clusters - cocci arrangement and example
number of cells varies (ex. MRSA)
30
(BA) what are appendages divided into
two groups that provide motility (flagella and axial filaments) and attachments points (fimbriae, pili, and nanotubes/nanowires)
31
(BA) capacity of a cell to swim freely through an aqueous habitat
motility
32
(BA) helical structure composed of proteins
filament
33
(BA) Monotrichous meaning
With a single Flagellum
34
(BA) small bunches or tufts or flagella emerging from the same site
Lophotrichous
35
(BA) With flagella at both poles of the cell
Amphitrichous
36
(BA) flagella are dispersed randomly over the surface of the cell
Peritrichous
37
(BA) Chemical Signals (A type of Behavior)
Chemotaxis
38
(BA) Type of internal Flagellum that is enclosed between which 2 structures
Periplasmic Flagella - between the cell wall and the cytoplasmic membrane
39
bacterial surface appendages that provide some type of attachment
Pilus/Fimbriae
40
(BA) channels used for nutrient or energy exchange
Nanotubes/Nanowires
41
(BA) partial transfer of DNA from one cell to another
Conjugation
42
(BA) what prevents phagocytosis and makes more pathogens
capsule
43
encapsulated bacterial cells generally have greater what
disease-causing abilities
44
Bacteria that stain purple are called
gram-positive
45
Bacteria that stan red (really pink) are called
gram-negative
46
(BA) Different results in the Gram Stain are due to
differences in the agents applied to the cell
47
(BA) steps in the gram stain
1. crystal violet
2. gram's iodine
3. alcohol
4. safranin (red dye)
48
(BA) The Gram-Negative Outer Membrane contains
specialized polysaccharides and proteins
49
(BA) each gram-negative outer membrane is a bilayer of
phospholipids
50
bacterial/archaea cytoplasmic membrane is a site for
energy reactions, nutrient processing, synthesis, transport regulation, discharge of waste
51
cell wall of eukaryotes compared to bacteria
different in chemical composition
52
the cell membrane of eukaryotes
Typical bilayer of phospholipids in which protein molecules are embedded
53
cell wall of eukaryotes is composed of
chitin and cellulose, outer layer of mixed glycans
54
sterols in eukaryotes cell membrane provide
stability to the membrane, important in cells that do not have cell wall
55
Cytoplasmic membranes of eukaryotes serve as
selectively permeable barriers
56
Most prominent organelle of eukaryotic cells
nucleus
57
nuclear envelope (eukaryotes)
separates cell cytoplasm and nucleus
58
(eukaryotes) nuclear envelope is composed of
two parallel membranes (lipid bilayers) separated by narrow space
59
(eukaryotes) what migrates through the nuclear envelope pores
macromolecules
60
(eukaryotes) nucleolus is found in
nucleoplasm
61
(eukaryotes) nucleolus is a site of
ribosomal RNA synthesis
62
(eukaryotes) nucleolus is a collection area for
ribosomal subunits
63
(eukaryotes) chromatin is made of
linear DNA and histone proteins
64
(eukaryotes) appendages for moving
cilia and flagella
65
eukaryotic cilia are only found in
protozoa and certain animal cells
66
(eukaryotes) outermost layer that comes into direct contact with the environment
glycocalyx
67
(eukaryotes) internal structures of the nucleus
nucleolus and chromatin
68
(eukaryotes) internal structures of endoplasmic reticulum
rough endoplasmic reticulum, smooth endoplasmic reticulum
69
(eukaryotes) where do ribosomes attach
surface of rough endoplasmic reticulum
70
(eukaryotes) RER allows transport of materials from/to where
from nucleus to the cytoplasm and cell's exterior
71
(eukaryotes) closed tubular network without ribosomes
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
72
(eukaryotes) smooth endoplasmic reticulum plays a role in
nutrient processing and synthesis/storage of nonprotein macromolecules (such as lipids)
73
(eukaryotes) internal structure of golgi apparatus
vesicles, lysosomes, vacuoles, chloroplasts ribosomes
74
(eukaryotes) processing and shipping
golgi apparatus
75
(eukaryotes) the site in the cell in which proteins are modified and then sent to their final destinations
golgi apparatus
76
(eukaryotes) golgi apparatus consists of several flattened, disc-shaped sacs called
cisternae
77
(eukaryotes) golgi apparatus is always closely associated with
endoplasmic reticulum
78
(eukaryotes) vesicles - golgi apparatus
transitional vesicles
condensing vesicles
79
(eukaryotes) transitional vesicles
vesicles from the endoplasmic reticulum are picked up at the face of the Golgi apparatus
80
(eukaryotes) where within golgi apparatus are proteins modified and how
transitional vesicles / within cisternae
by addition of polysaccharides and lipids
81
(eukaryotes) condensing vesicles function
pinch off of the Golgi apparatus - conveyed to lysosomes or transported outside the cell
82
(eukaryotes) lysosomes within GA - 3 functions
digestion of food, protection against invading microorganisms, removal of cell debris in damaged tissue
83
(eukaryotes) Membrane-bound sacs containing fluids or solid particles to be digested, excreted, or stored
vacuoles
84
(eukaryotes) where are vacuoles found and why
in phagocytic cells in response to food and other substances that have been engulfed
85
(eukaryotes) contents of a food vacuole are digested through a merger of a vacuole with
lysosome
86
(eukaryotes) chloroplasts are found where
in algae and plant cells
87
(eukaryotes) what is capable of converting energy from sunlight into chemical energy through photosynthesis
chloroplasts
88
(eukaryotes) what produces oxygen gas as a by-product of photosynthesis
chloroplasts
89
(eukaryotes) what resembles mitochondria but is larger, contains pigments and varies in shape
chloroplasts
90
(eukaryotes) what is scattered freely in the cytoplasm and cytoskeleton
ribosomes
91
(eukaryotes) where do ribosomes attach
rough endoplasmic reticulum
92
(eukaryotes) ribosomes appear inside which 2 cells
mitochondria and chloroplasts
93
(eukaryotes) multiple ribosomes are often found arranged in short chains called
polyribosomes (polysomes)
94
eukaryotic ribosome is 80S - a combination of
60S and 40S subunits ribonucleoprotein
95
3 functions of eukaryotic cytoskeleton
anchoring organelles, moving RNA and vesicles, permitting shape change and movement
96
3 main types of eukaryotic cytoskeletal elements
actin filaments - long, thin strands
intermediate filaments - ropelike structures
microtubules - long, hollow tubes
97
(eukaryotes) yeasts shape and reproduction
round to oval shape
asexual reproduction - budding
98
(eukaryotes) what are hyphae and where are they found
long threadlike cells found in the bodies of filamentous fungi
99
(eukaryotes) what is pseudohypha
chain of yeast cells
100
(eukaryotes) some fungi can take either form. which means they are considered
dimorphic
101
(eukaryotes) how many species of fungi can cause human disease
nearly 300
102
(eukaryotes) 3 types of fungal disease in humans
community - enviromental pathogens
hospital - clinical settings
opportunistic - in weakened individuals
103
(eukaryotes) fungi harmless spores can cause opportunistic infections in which patients
AIDS patients
104
(eukaryotes) fungal cell walls give off chemical substances that can trigger
allergies
105
(eukaryotes) toxins produced by poisonous mushrooms can induce
neurological disturbance and death
106
(eukaryotes) aspergillus flavus synthesizes a poison called xx which is lethal to xx
aflatoxin, lethal to animals who eat contaminated grain
107
(eukaryotes) percentage of yearly fruit crop consumed by fungi
40%
108
(eukaryotes) 4 benefits of fungi
1. decomposing
2. increase plant root ability to absorb water and nutrients
3. medicine
4. provide flavoring to food
109
(eukaryotes) fungi nutrition types
heterotrophic
saprobic
parasitic
110
(eukaryotes) fungi heterotrophic nutrition
acquire nutrition from a wide variety of organic substrates
111
(eukaryotes) fungi saprobic nutrition
from remnants of dead plants and animals in soil or water
112
(eukaryotes) fungi parasitic nutrition
on the bodies of living animals or plants
113
(eukaryotes) fungi are often found in
nutritionally poor or adverse environments, and those with high salt or sugar content
114
(eukaryotes) cells of most microscopic fungi grow in
loose associations and colonies
115
(eukaryotes) colonies of yeasts appearance
soft, uniform texture
116
(eukaryotes) colonies of filamentous fungi appearance
cottony, hair, or velvety texture
117
(eukaryotes) woven, intertwining mass of hyphae that makes up the body or colony of a mold
mycelium
118
(eukaryotes) septa in fungi allows flow of
organelles and nutrients between adjacent compartments
119
(eukaryotes) non septate hyphae consist of
one, long, continuous cell
120
(eukaryotes) what is responsible for the visible mass of growth that appears on a substrate
vegetative hyphae
121
(eukaryotes) reproductive or fertile hyphae produce
spores
122
(eukaryotes) asexual spore formation
sporangiospores
conidiospores (conidia)
123
(eukaryotes) hyphae sporangiospores are formed by
cleavages within a saclike head called a sporangium, which is attached to a stalk, the sporangiophore
124
(eukaryotes) hyphae free spores not enclosed by a spore-bearing sac
conidiospores (conidia)
125
(eukaryotes) hyphae sexual spore formation works by mixing of
DNA from two parent fungi
126
(eukaryotes) protozoa name comes from
greek - "first animals"
127
(eukaryotes) how many protozoa is there and what are they
12 000 species
inhabitants of soil and water - few are pathogens
128
(eukaryotes) single cell containing all major eukaryotic organelles
protozoa
129
(eukaryotes) protozoa cytoplasm is divided into two parts
ectoplasm (outer layer)
endoplasm (inner region)
130
(eukaryotes) pseudopods
"false feet" - protozoa movement
131
(eukaryotes) cell membrane of protozoa regulates what 3 things
food, wastes, secretion
132
(eukaryotes) protozoa cell shape 2 types
constant (ciliates) or change constantly (amoebas)
133
(eukaryotes) protozoans require food in a complex organic form which makes them
heterotrophic
134
(eukaryotes) some protozoa have feeding structures such as
oral grooves
135
(eukaryotes) some protozoans absorb food directly through
cell membrane
136
(eukaryotes) main limiting factor for protozoa nutrition is
availability of moisture
137
(eukaryotes) motile feeding stage of protozoans requiring ample food and moisture to stay active
trophozoite
138
(eukaryotes) dormant, resting stage of protozoa when conditions in the environment become unfavorable
cyst
139
(eukaryotes) all protozoa reproduce by
asexual mitotic cell division
140
(eukaryotes) most but not all protozoa reproduce how
sexually (ciliates - two cells fuse and exchange micronuclei)
141
(eukaryotes) helminths include
tapeworm, flukes, roundworms
142
(eukaryotes) flatworm / phylum Platyhelminthes appearance and divison
thin, segmented body plan
divided into cestodes (tapeworms) and trematodes (flukes)
143
(eukaryotes) roundworms / phylum aschelminths appearance and other name
also called nematodes
elongated, cylindrical, unsegmented
144
(eukaryotes) the most developed organ in helminths is
reproductive tract
145
(eukaryotes) complete life cycle of helminth includes
fertilized egg, larval, adult stages
146
(eukaryotes) nematodes appearance of sexes
sexes are separate and different in appearance
147
(eukaryotes) trematodes appearance of sexes
separate or hermaphroditic
148
(eukaryotes) cestodes appearance of sexes
generally hermaphroditic
149
(eukaryotes) the host in which the larva of helminth develops is knows as
secondary host (intermediate)
150
(eukaryotes) adulthood and mating of the helminth happens where
in definitive (final) host
151
(eukaryotes) intermediate helminth host that experiences no parasitic development
transport host
