Quiz 1 Flashcards by Katerina Stepankova

Cellular microorganisms

bacteria
archaea
fungi
protozoa
helminths

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Helminths

animals (worms)
visible to the naked eye

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Acellular organisms causing human disease

viruses
prions

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Eukaryotes

true nucleus

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prokaryotes

bacteria and archaea

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akaryotes (another term for what)

“no nucleus” - another term for prokatyotes

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3 major distinct cell lines

bacteria
archaea
eukarya

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accumulation of changes that occur in organisms as they adapt to their environment

Evolution

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light-fueled conversion of carbon dioxide to organic material accompanied by formation of oxygen

Photosynthesis

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anoxygenic photosynthesis

occured in bacteria before plants evolved, did not produce oxygen

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oxygenic photosynthesis

evolved from anoxygenic photosynthesis

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Photosynthetic microorganisms are responsible for HOW MUCH of the earth’s photosynthesis

70%

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Biotechnology (3 types)

Genetic engineering
Recombinant DNA technology
Bioremediation

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Genetic engineering

Manipulation of the genetics of microbes, plants, and animals - GMOs creation

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Recombinant DNA technology

makes it possible to transfer genetic material from one organism to another and alter DNA

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bioremediation

uses microbes already present to clean up toxic pollutants

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microbes that cause disease

pathogens

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infectious disease

any disease caused by microorganisms

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emerging and reemerging diseases

AIDS, hepatitis C, zika virus, west Nile virus, tuberculosis

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gastric ulcers are caused by

helicobacter pylori

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which diseases have been linked to chronic infections or microbes

multiple sclerosis, OCD, coronary artery disease and obesity

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Virus (composition)

DNA or RNA, NEVER both, protein coat and sometimes membrane

Prions vs viruses

prions are simpler than viruses

6 types of microorganisms (largest to smallest)

Helminth Fungus Protozoan Bacterium Virus Prion

sterile (meaning)

completely free of all life forms

Studies supported by the work of other scientists, became known as

germ theory of disease

abiogenesis

spontaneous generation of life

biogenesis

theory that living things arise only from others of same kind

Macromolecules - 4 types

carbohydrates lipids proteins nucleic acids

all macromolecules except lipids are formed by

polymerization

monomers

subunits of macromolecules

polymers (chains of what)

chains of various lengths of monomers

carbohydrate (origin)

carbon and water

hexoses

6 carbons

pentoses

5 carbons

most common and universally important hexose

glucose

monosaccharides (number of carbon sugars)

3-7 carbon sugars

polysaccharide (number of monosaccharides)

five or more monosaccharides

disaccharides (how many monosaccharides)

two monosaccharides

triglycerides (function)

storage

cellulose (what is it and where is it found)

long, fibrous, polysaccharide cell wall of plants and many microscopic algae

agar

important component of culture media

chitin (found where)

cell wall found in fungi

peptidoglycan (component of what)

component of bacterial cell wall

lipopolysaccharide (component of what)

component of gram-negative cell wall

glycocalyx

protective outer layer, role in the attachment of cells to other cells

triglyceride composition

fatty acids + glycerol

how much energy do triglycerides yield compared to carbs per gram

twice as much energy per gram

phospholipids structure (head/tail)

hydrophilic head - negative charge hydrophobic tail - uncharged

function of phospholipids

major component of cell membrane

steroids (found where)

complex ringed compounds found in eukaryotes and bacteria

what reinforces the cell membrane in animal cells and cell-wall-deficient bacteria

cholesterol - sterol

waxes formation

alcohol and saturated fatty acid

waxes function

waterproofing

which are predominant organic molecules in cells

proteins

protein usually contain how many amino acids

minimum of 50 amino acids

peptide (composed of what)

composed of amino acids

polypeptide compared to protein

usually has more than 20 amino acids and is a smaller subunit of protein

primary protein structure

type, number, and order of amino acids

secondary protein structure

arises when various functional groups interact by forming hydrogen bonds (alpha helix and beta pleated sheet)

tertiary protein structure

additional bonds between functional groups

quaternary protein structure

when more than one polypeptide forms a large protein

catalysts for all chemical reactions in cells

enzymes

nucleic acid

DNA and RNA

Pyrimidines

Cytosine, Thymine, Uracil

Purines

Adenine, Guanine

adenosine triphosphate

ATP - (energy)

fundamental unit of life

cell

functional three-dimensional form of protein

native state

disruption of the native state of a protein through application of heating agents

denatured protein

DNA

Genetic material contains deoxyribose sugar and thymine

RNA

helper molecule responsible for carrying out DNA's instructions

double helix of DNA formation

Formed by two nucleotide strands

pairing of nitrogen bases (DNA)

adenine pairs with thymine guanine pairs with cytosine

mRNA

copy of a gene providing the information for order and type

tRNA

carrier that transports amino acids

rRNA

ribosomes

fourth type of RNA function

regulates the genes

animals and plants (numbers of cells)

trillions

4 fundamental Characteristics of cells

protoplasm in cell membrane chromosomes containing DNA Ribosomes for protein synthesis Complex in function

Eukaryotic cells are found in

Animals, plants, fungi, and protozoa

Top cause of death that microorganisms cause is

Pneumonia

Scientific method (6 steps)

1. Observation 2. Research 2. Hypothesis 4. Test Hypothesis 5. Analyze Data 6. Communicate Results

Method used to prevent contamination with microorganisms

Aseptic technique

The science of classifying living being is

Taxonomy

Categories - taxonomy also known as

Taxa

“Naming”- the assignment of scientific names to the various taxonomic categories and to individual organisms

Nomenclature

orderly arrangement of organisms into a hierarchy

Classification

the process of discovering and recording the traits of organisms so that they may be recognized or named and then classified

Identification

Taxonomic Categories from top to bottom

o Domain o Kingdom o Phylum/Division o Class o Order o Family o Genus o Species Dear King Philp Came Over For Good Soup

Quiz 1 Flashcards

Chapter 1 (97 cards)