EXAM 1 Flashcards by Katerina Stepankova

Largest to smallest microorganisms

Helminths, Protozoa, Bacteria, Viruses, and Prions

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pairing of nitrogen bases (DNA)

adenine pairs with thymine
guanine pairs with cytosine

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bases of RNA

Adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil

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bioremediation

uses microbes already present to clean up toxic pollutants

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Top cause of death that microorganisms cause is

Pneumonia/Influenza

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The Scientific Name

genus + species

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The Scientific Name capitalization and abbreviation

genus is capitalized
species part begins with a lowercase letter
both should be italicized (and underlined if handwriting)

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Triglycerides - Function

Storage

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Triglycerides are composed of

fatty acids + glycerol

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Phospholipids are composed of

Fatty acids+glycerol+phosphate

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Phospholipids are a major component of

cell membrane

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Waxes are composed of

fatty acids + alcohols

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Waxes - function

waterproofing

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Steroids are composed of

Ringed structure

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Steroids are found in

in membranes of eukaryotes and some bacteria

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Lipids (classes)

Triglycerides, phospholipids, waxes, steroids

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Cellular Microorganisms are

Bacteria
Archaea
Fungi
Protozoa
Helminths

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Acellular Microorganisms are

Viruses
Prions

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Define biotechnology

humans manipulating microorganisms to make products in industrial setting

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Biotechnology (3 types)

Genetic engineering
Recombinant DNA technology
Bioremediation

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functions of bacterial capsule

glycocalyx (tan coating) protective, adhesive, and receptor functions

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where in a bacterial cell is ATP synthesized

plasma membrane

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bacteria - diplococcus arrangement

two cells

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bacteria - streptococcus arrangement

variable number of cocci in chains

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bacteria - tetrad cocci arrangement

cocci in packets of four

bacteria - irregular clusters - cocci arrangement and example

number of cells varies (ex. MRSA)

bacteria - specialized appendage attached to the cell by a basal body that holds a long, rotating filament

flagellum

dormant body formed within some bacteria that allows for their survival in adverse conditions

endospore

appendage used for drawing another bacterium close in order to transfer DNA to it

pilus

Fine, hairlike bristles extending from the bacterial cell surface that help in adhesion to other cells and surfaces

Fimbriae

lipopolysaccharide is an important cell envelope component of

outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria

different results in the Gram Stain are due to

differences in the agents applied to the cell

what is chemotaxis

movement toward a stimulus

what are the two functions of bacterial appendages + their names

motility (flagella and axial filaments) and attachments points (fimbriae, pili, and nanotubes)

name a component in gram-positive cells that makes a stronger cell wall structure than gram-negative cells

layers of peptidoglycan wall

define helminth

parasitic worm

mitochondria structure and function

ATP energy membrane bound cell organelle

cilia are structures for motility found primarily in

protozoa

structure of cell membrane of eukaryotes

bilayer of phospholipids in which protein molecules are embedded

(eukaryotes) internal structure of golgi apparatus

vesicles, lysosomes, vacuoles, chloroplasts ribosomes

(eukaryotes) the site in the cell in which proteins are modified and then sent to their final destinations

golgi apparatus

golgi apparatus consists of several flattened, disc-shaped sacs called

cisternae

(eukaryotes) golgi apparatus is always closely associated with

endoplasmic reticulum

(eukaryotes) 2 types of vesicles - golgi apparatus

transitional vesicles condensing vesicles

in eukaryotic cells, where are ribosomes located

cytoplasm and rough endoplasmic reticulum

yeasts shape and reproduction

round to oval shape asexual reproduction - budding

what is pseudohypha

chain of yeast cells

some fungi can take either form which means they are considered

dimorphic

how many species of fungi can cause human disease

nearly 300

3 types of fungal disease in humans

community - enviromental pathogens hospital - clinical settings opportunistic - in weakened individuals

fungi harmless spores can cause opportunistic infections in which patients

AIDS patients

fungal cell walls give off chemical substances that can trigger

allergies

toxins produced by poisonous mushrooms can induce

neurological disturbance and death

percentage of yearly fruit crop consumed by fungi

40%

4 benefits of fungi

1. decomposing 2. increase plant root ability to absorb water and nutrients 3. medicine 4. provide flavoring to food

fungi nutrition types

heterotrophic saprobic parasitic

fungi saprobic nutrition

from remnants of dead plants and animals in soil or water

the most developed organ in helminths is

reproductive tract

motile feeding stage of protozoans requiring ample food and moisture to stay active

trophozoite

dormant, resting stage of protozoa when conditions in the environment become unfavorable

cyst

helminths (3 body types)

tapeworm - segmented flukes - leaf shaped roundworms - cylindrical

in humans, helminths generally infect

gastrointestinal tract

chromatin - structure and location

inside nucleus - linear DNA and histone proteins

what makes viruses unique as compared with the other major groups of microorganisms

they cannot reproduce independently and require a host cell for replication

define oncogenic virus

virus that can cause cancer

define reverse transcriptase.

enzyme that synthesizes DNA from RNA - crucial for replication of retroviruses

development of antiviral drug therapy is difficult because

it is challenging to target the virus without harming the host's cells

purpose of viral surface proteins or spikes

to attach to and penetrate host cells - entry, infection

what is a persistent viral infection

virus remains in the host for an extended period of time

list 6 characteristics of all viruses

Acellular Genetic Material Protein Coat Needs a host cell to replicate Depends on host's metabolism Can mutate

what types of cells can be infected by viruses

Animal Cells Plant Cells Bacterial Cells (bacteriophages) Fungal Cells Protist Cells

protein shell of a virus is called

capsid

core of every virus particle always contains

DNA or RNA, never both

where do DNA viruses and RNA viruses multiply inside the host cell

DNA - nucleus RNA - cytoplasm

Viral host range is determined by

specific interactions between viral surface proteins (spikes) and cellular receptors on the host cell

where does the viral envelope come from

from the host cell membrane, which the virus acquires as it buds off from the host cell

EXAM 1 Flashcards

(76 cards)