chapter 4 - histology Flashcards
(157 cards)
1
Q
the study of tissues
A
histology
2
Q
the four major types of tissues
A
epithelial, connective, muscle, nerve
3
Q
the tissue that covers, lines, and secretes
A
epithelial
4
Q
the tissue that contracts to cause movement
A
muscle
5
Q
the tissue that conducts electrical messages
A
nerve
6
Q
the tissue that holds things together and fills in spaces
A
connective
7
Q
a group of cells working together
A
tissue
8
Q
the type of microscope that is used most in histology
A
electron microscope
9
Q
tiny microscopic cell extensions that increase the surface area of cells to help with absorption and secretion
A
microvilli
10
Q
cell extensions that sweep materials along the cell surface
A
cilia
11
Q
longer cell extensions with unknown function
A
stereocilia
12
Q
Where in the body is known for having many microvilli?
A
small intestine
13
Q
Where in the body is known for having many cilia
A
airways
14
Q
Where in the body is known for having stereocilia?
A
inner ear and male reproductive tract
15
Q
the term meaning having no blood vessels
A
avascular
16
Q
the term meaning having a blood supply
A
vascular
17
Q
What major tissue type is avascular?
A
epithelial
18
Q
How does the epithelium get its nutrition?
A
diffusion from the CT beneath it
19
Q
What is the name of the layer that separates the epithelium from the CT?
A
basement membrane
20
Q
What are the two layers of the basement membrane?
A
basal lamina and reticular lamina
21
Q
What term is used to describe epithelial cells (particularly columnar) that are empty at the top and full of organelles at the bottom
A
polar
22
Q
the specialized connections between epithelial cells
A
cell junctions
23
Q
Name the three types of epithelial cell junctions.
A
- gap junctions
- tight junctions
- desmosomes
24
Q
Which cell junction is a passageway allowing chemical communication between cells?
A
gap junction
25
Which cell junction is water proof due to the fusion of the lipid layers?
tight junction
26
Which cell junction is reinforced with fibers to make it exceptionally strong?
desmosome
27
What is a common place to find gap junctions?
smooth and cardiac muscle
28
What is a common place to find tight junctions?
digestive tract
29
What is a common place to find desmosomes?
skin and cardiac muscle
30
the ability of a tissue to regrow
regeneration
31
the three shapes of epithelial tissue
1. squamous - flat
2. cuboidal - equally tall as wide
3. columnar - taller than wide
32
the two most common layering arrangements in epithelium
simple - 1 layer
| stratified - many layers
33
the bottom of epithelium - attached surface
basal surface
34
the exposed or unattached surface of epithelium
apical surface
35
falsely layered
pseudostratified
36
epithelium that can stretch or distend
transitional
37
Where is transitional epithelium found?
urinary bladder
38
Which is more protective, simple or stratified epithelia?
stratified
39
Name the two major types of simple squamous epithelium.
1. endothelium - inner covering
| 2. mesothelium - middle covering
40
Where is endothelium found? Why?
lining cardiovascular and lymphatic vessels to allow diffusion
41
Where is mesothelim found? Why?
serous membranes - to be slippery
42
Why is simple squamous the right tissue for alveoli of lungs and capillaries?
to allow diffusion
43
What is pseudostratified columnar epithelium always topped with?
cilia
44
Why does pseudostratified epithelium appear layered?
nuclei are at various heights but each cell actually touches the basement membrane
45
the cells that are reproducing (2 terms)
1. stem cells
| 2. germinative cells (germ cells)
46
Where in your body do you have stratified squamous epithelium?
skin, lining of mouth and throat, lining of anus, lining of vagina - places with abrasion
47
What is the difference between keratinized and non-keratinized epithelia?
keratinized - waterproof and dry - filled with keratin
48
a group of cells that secrete
gland
49
a unicellular gland
goblet cell
50
What do goblet cells produce, and what is the function?
mucus - lubricate, prevent drying, trap dirt
51
Name the two major types of multicellular glands.
1. endocrine
| 2. exocrine
52
glands with ducts to dump their secretions onto an epithelial surface
exocrine
53
glands without ducts, secretions called hormones go into the blood to travel around the entire body
endocrine
54
Name the three functional types of exocrine glands.
1. merocrine
2. apocrine
3. holocrine
55
Which exocrine secretion is the most watery because it is produced only by exocytosis of secretory vesicles? Give 2 examples.
merocrine (eccrine)
1. perspiration
2. saliva
56
Which exocrine gland is thicker because part of the cytoplasm is released with the secretion? Give 2 examples.
apocrine
1. apocrine sweat - armpits and anogenital area
2. breast milk
57
Why does apocrine sweat stink unlike merocrine sweat?
bacteria feed on apocrine sweat, and the bacteria stink
58
Which exocrine gland secretion is the thickest? Give an example.
holocrine
| 1. oil (sebum)
59
Why do holocrine glands have so much mitosis going on?
The cells need to be replaced.
60
What is the study of cells that fall off?
exfoliative cytology
61
Name two tests that are examples of exfoliative cytology, and say what each studies.
1. Pap smear - tests for cervical cancer
| 2. amniocentesis - tests for chromosome errors in developing babies
62
Name the three major types of connective tissue (CT).
1. CT proper
2. fluid CT
3. supporting CT
63
Name the two major types of CT proper, and give examples of each.
1. loose CT proper - adipose (fat)
| 2. dense CT proper - ligaments and tendons
64
Name the two types of dense CT proper, and explain how they get their names with examples.
1. dense regular - fibers run in same direction
- ligaments and tendons
2. dense irregular - fibers run in multiple directions
- joint capsule
65
Name two examples of supporting CT, and explain how they are related.
1. cartilage - flexible
2. bone - calcified (hardened)
Bone begins as cartilage.
66
Name two examples of fluid CT, and explain how they are related.
1. blood - in blood vessels
2. lymph - in lymphatic vessels
Lymph is formed by blood plasma that leaks out of blood vessels, bathes tissues to give them nutrients and oxygen, and then is picked up and filtered through the lymph nodes
67
embryonic CT - where all adult CT begins
mesenchyme
68
What is the one CT that is avascular, and how does this have an effect on this tissue?
cartilage - doesn't heal well
69
What are the three types of fibers in CT? Describe each.
1. collagen - straight and strong
2. elastic - thin and flexible, snap back
3. reticular - extensive, fine and branched
70
What is the fluid in CT? What is it like, and why?
ground substance - viscous to slow bacterial movement
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together, the fibers and ground substance make up the what of CT?
matrix
72
immature CT cells that produce fibers
fibroblasts
73
immature cartilage cells/mature cartilage cells
chondroblasts/chondrocytes
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immature bone cells/mature bone cells
osteoblasts/osteocytes
75
immature blood cell that makes all other blood cells
hematopoietic stem cell
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large white blood cells that eat germs and stay in one place - large white blood cells that eat germs and move around
fixed macrophages - free macrophages
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small white blood cells that eat germs
microphages
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cells that make histamine and heparin to cause swelling
mast cells
79
white blood cells that make antibodies
lymphocytes
80
cells that produce a brown, black pigment
melanocyte
81
fat cell
adipocyte
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another name for loose CT
areolar
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another name for dense CT
collagenous
84
swelling
edema
85
What is the difference between brown fat and yellow or white fat
brown fat - baby fat - has many mitochondria and a good blood supply for warming babies that can't shiver
86
What about adipocytes makes it hard to lose weight but easy to gain weight?
When adipocytes shrink, they send messages to your body to slow down your metabolism because they think you are starving. Mesenchyme will readily make new fat cells.
87
Where does the fat come from that fills the adipocytes?
taking in more calories than you burn - store excess as fat
88
Why do fat cells look empty?
The lipid droplet pushes the organelles out of the middle along the edge.
89
What are the functions of stored fat?
insulate, cushion, store energy
90
Where does fat accumulate?
any areolar tissue - superficial fascia
91
What connects bone to bone?
ligament
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What connects muscle to bone?
tendon
93
a sheetlike tendon
aponeurosis
94
Name the three major types of cartilage, and describe each.
1. hyaline cartilage - glassy appearance - can't see fibers
2. elastic cartilage - very flexible due to elastic fibers
3. fibrocartilage - very tough due to collagen
95
Which type of cartilage is the most common? Where is it found
hyaline - at ends of bones, between ribs and sternum
96
Give three places we find elastic cartilage.
tip of nose, ears, epiglottis
97
Give two places we find fibrocartilage.
intervertebral discs, knee cartilage
98
What are the spaces that cartilage and bone cells reside in?
lacunae
99
What is the outer layer of a cartilage?
perichondrium
100
What is cartilage made mostly of?
water
101
What two chemicals are common in cartilage?
chondroiten sulfate and hyaluronic acid
102
What is the name for bone?
osseous tissue
103
Give two ways bone is different from cartilage.
calcified, blood vessels (vascular)
104
What are the tiny passageways that connect bone cells?
canaliculi
105
What are the three formed elements in blood, and what does each do?
1. erythrocytes (RBC) - carry oxygen
2. leukocytes (WBC) - fight infection
3. platelets - clot
106
What makes blood different from other CT?
watery matrix - no fibers unless clotting
107
the liquid part of blood, contains dissolved oxygen , nutrients, hormones, wastes, antibodies...
plasma
108
Name and describe the three major blood vessels.
1. arteries - muscular - carry blood away from heart
2. veins - medium thick with valves - carry blood to heart
3. capillaries - thinnest - allow diffusion - connect arteries and veins
109
Which formed element should be most numerous in blood?
RBC
110
When do WBC become more numerous?
when sick
111
Why are there so many types of WBC?
different types of inections
112
Name the two cell types in nerve tissue, and tell what each does.
1. neurons - conduct messages
| 2. neuroglia - support, feed, and protect neurons
113
What are the three major parts of a typical neuron?
1. cell body (soma or perikaryon) - holds most organelles
2. axons - large fibers that carry messages away from cell body
3. dendrites - smaller and more numerous fibers that bring message into cell body
114
Name the three major types of muscle tissue.
1. cardiac - heart
2. skeletal - attached to bones
3. smooth - in hollow organs
115
Which muscle is striated, voluntary, multinucleate, cylinders?
skeletal
116
Which muscle is striated, involuntary, uninucleate and branched with intercalated discs?
cardiac
117
Which muscle in nonstriated, involuntary, uninucleate, and fusiform (torpedo-shaped)
smooth
118
What word means under conscious control?
voluntary
119
What word means not under conscious control?
involuntary
120
What word means banded or striped?
striated
121
What are the specialized connections in cardiac cells - made of gap junctions and desmosomes?
intercalated discs
122
What type of membrane lines cavities that open to the outside? Give examples.
mucous - respiratory and digestive mucosa
123
What type of membrane lines cavities that do not open to the outside? Give examples.
serous - peritoneum, pericardium, pleural
124
What is the membrane that makes up your skin?
cutaneous membrane
125
What is the membrane around your joints?
synovial membrane
126
What are the three steps in healing?
1. inflammation rushes materials to the site
2. organization - restores blood supply and
3. regeneration and fibrosis - closes wound
127
Do all tissues repair at the same level? What ones repair well? What ones don't repair at all?
no - epithelium, loose CT, dense irregular CT, and blood regenerate well - heart and brain - don't repair at all
128
What are 3 cells that move to a wound to begin the healing?
white blood cells to eat germs
fibroblasts to make fibers
epithelial germ cells to make new skin
129
Why is it good for a wound to bleed a little?
flush out the germs
130
The clot that dries on the surface and stops the bleeding
scab
131
the healing tissue, pink with tiny capillaries
granulation tissue
132
scarring
fibrosis
133
What does scar tissue do to organs and joints?
impairs function
134
scar tissue connecting adjacent abdominopelvic organs
adhesions
135
a fertilized egg
zygote
136
the early cell divisions
cleavage
137
the three primary germ layers and what each becomes
endoderm - respiratory and digestive lining (mucosae)
ectoderm - skin and nerves
mesoderm - muscle and bone
138
What tissue forms from all three germ layers? Name them.
epithelium
mesothelium
endothelium
139
a tumor or new growth
neoplasm
140
a non-cancerous tumor
benign
141
a cancerous tumor
malignant
142
the spreading of a cancer to a new location - how does it often spread
metastasis - often through lymphatics
143
cancer causing factors
carcinogens
144
cancer genes
oncogenes/protooncogenes
145
a cancer doctor
oncologist
146
removing a sample tissue to look for cancer
biopsy
147
when there are no longer any signs of cancer
remission
148
a description of how progressed the cancer is
staging
149
the three most common treatments for cancer
surgery
radiation
chemotherapy
150
Why do cancer treatments have so many side effects?
kill healthy cells
151
cancers of epithelia - 90%
carcinomas
152
cancers of CT and muscle
sarcomas
153
neoplasms in glands whether or not malignant
adenomas
154
a very large scar
keloid
155
an inherited condition of abnormal CT - extremely tall with long fingers... and weak heart and blood vessels
Maran's syndrome
156
CT right under the skin - 3 terms
subcutaneous layer, hypodermis or superficial fascia
157
CT between muscles and organs
deep fascia
