chapter 6 osseous tissue Flashcards
(125 cards)
1
Q
what chemical makes up most of the substance of cartilage, and what characteristic does it give the cartilage?
A
water - resilience and flexibility (springy)
2
Q
the dense irregular CT surrounding cartilage is called what? What does this do for the cartilage?
A
perichondrium - resists outward expansion
3
Q
The cartilage itself does not have two things found in most tissues. What are they, and how does cartilage compensate for this?
A
blood vessels and nerves - diffusion from perichondrium
4
Q
mature cartilage cells, immature cartilage cells
A
chondrocytes, chondroblasts
5
Q
spaces where the cartilage cells reside
A
lacunae (lacuna)
6
Q
What limits the thickness of cartilage?
A
diffusion only carries materials over short distances
7
Q
What type of cartilage is the most common and forms the embryonic skeleton?
A
hyaline
8
Q
Why do we not see the fibers in hyaline (glass) cartilage?
A
only fine collagen
9
Q
Name 4 types of hyaline cartilage in the body.
A
- articular cartilage
- costal cartilage - ribs
- respiratory cartilage - larynx, trachea
- nasal cartilage
10
Q
What is the flexible (bendable) cartilage, and where is it found?
A
elastic cartilage - ear and epiglottis
11
Q
the cartilage with the highest tensile strength that will withstand the most compression
A
fibrocartilage
12
Q
What makes fibrocartilage so tough?
A
thick collagen fibers
13
Q
What makes elastic cartilage so flexible?
A
elastic fibers
14
Q
Give two places to find fibrocartilage.
A
- intervertebral discs
2. knee menisci
15
Q
Why is cartilage better for the embryonic skeleton than bone?
A
flexible matrix allows mitosis so it can grow
16
Q
Name and explain the two types of cartilage growth.
A
- appositional - growth from perichondrium (outside)
2. interstitial from the matrix (inside)
17
Q
When does cartilage growth usually stop?
A
adolescence
18
Q
the process of depositing calcium in a tissue
A
calcification
19
Q
What part of the skeleton consists of the skull, vertebrae, sternum and ribs? What does this part of the skeleton do?
A
axial skeleton - protects, supports and holds body parts.
20
Q
What part of the skeleton consists of the skull, vertebrae, the shoulders and arms, hips and legs? What does this part of the skeleton do?
A
appendicular skeleton - locomotion (movement)
21
Q
Name, and describe the 4 main types of bones.
A
long bones - longer than they are wide
short bones - boxy
flat bones - thin
irregular bones - complicated shapes
22
Q
humerus, radius, ulna, metacarpals and phalanges, femur, tibia, fibula, metatarsals
A
long bones
23
Q
carpals and tarsals
A
short bones
24
Q
scapula, ribs and most skull bones
A
flat bones
25
vertebrae, coxal bones
irregular bones
26
a bone that forms within a tendon - give an example
sesamoid - patella
27
a bone that forms in the sutures of the skull
sutural bones
28
Name the 6 major functions of the skeletal system.
1. supportive framework
2. protects soft organs
3. levers for movement
4. stores minerals and growth factors - calcium bank
5. makes blood cells in red marrow - hematopoiesis
6. stores fats (triglycerides) in yellow marrow
29
What are the two major functions of bone markings?
1. place for attachment of muscles, ligaments and tendons
| 2. pathways for blood vessels and verves
30
the solid bone made of osteons (Haversian systems)
compact bone
31
the honeycomb bone made of trabeculae
spongy bone
32
another name for spongy bone
cancellous bone
33
Where is compact bone found?
outside and diaphysis (shaft)
34
Where is spongy bone found?
inside and epiphyses (ends)
35
What are the spaces between the trabeculae filled with?
marrow
36
the shaft of the bone
diaphysis
37
the expanded ends of the bone
epiphysis - proximal and distal
38
the hollow, center of bone
medullary cavity or marrow cavity
39
the type of marrow found in the medullary cavity of adults
yellow marrow - fat
40
the thin cartilage that covers bones where they join
articular cartilage
41
the growth region of the epiphysis - Of what material is it composed?
epiphyseal plate (metaphysis) - hyaline cartilage
42
a growth plate that has finished growing - Of what material is it composed?
epiphyseal line - bone
43
the outer covering of bone
periosteum
44
the inner lining of bone - covers trabeculae
endosteum
45
mature bone cells, immature bone cells
osteocytes, osteoblasts
46
bone stem cells that mature into osteoblasts
osteoprogenitor cells (osteogenic cells)
47
white blood cells that dissolve bone
osteoclasts
48
the holes where blood vessels enter bone - what are these blood vessels called
nutrient foramina - nutrient vessels
49
the threads that adhere the periosteum to thebone
perforating (Sharpey's) fibers
50
What is the term for the spongy bone in flat bones?
diploe
51
Where in a bone does hematopoiesis (blood production) occur?
red marrow
52
What is the difference in the location of red marrow in newborns and adults? Why is this true?
more red marrow as a newborn - need to make more blood cells during growth
in adults - more yellow marrow - however, yellow can convert to red if anemic
53
What bones can we analyze red marrow in adults?
sternum and hip (coxal)
54
Name and describe the three types of lamellae.
1. concentric lamellae - share a central canal (1 osteon)
2. circumferential lamellae - around entire bone
3. interstitial lamellae - old osteons that are being remodeled
55
another name for compact bone
lamellar bone - made of lamellae
56
another name for an osteon
| another name for a central canal
Haversian system
| Haversian canal
57
What is the difference between compact and spongy bone at withstanding stress?
compact - best at stress in one direction
| spongy - good at stress from multiple directions
58
How do osteons handle torsion (twisting stress)?
the collagen fibers within the different lamellae have their fibers running in different directions, and the calcium salts align accordingly
59
the blood vessels that connect adjacent central canals - run perpendicular to the central canals
perforating canals
60
another name for perforating canals
Volkmann's canals
61
the tiny, hairlike canals that connect adjacent osteocytes
canaliculi
62
What cell junction connects the osteocytes at the canaliculi?
gap junctions
63
What causes an osteoblast to mature into an osteocyte?
It surrounds itself with matrix and becomes trapped in a lacuna.
64
How are the trabeculae aligned within spongy bone?
along lines of stress
65
the organic part of the matrix of bone
osteoid
66
Of what 2 materials is osteoid composed?
| What property does this material provide bone?
1. ground substance of proteoglycans and glycoproteins
2. collagen fibers
This gives bone its tensile strength (flexibility)
67
What is the inorganic component of bone?
| What property does this material provide bone?
hydroxyapatite - mineral salts like calcium phosphate
| This gives bone its hardness
68
Why do the bones need the proper balance or organic and inorganic elements?
too hard and they become brittle
| too flexible and they bend
69
the process of bone formation (2 terms)
ossification or osteogenesis
70
Before week 8 of embryonic development, of what two materials is the skeleton composed?
1. fibrous membranes
| 2. hyaline cartilage
71
What are the two types of ossification, and what is the difference between them?
1. intramembranous ossification - in a membrane
| 2. endochondral ossification - in a cartilage model
72
Which type of ossification is most common? Give some example bones for this type.
endochondral - all long bones like the humerus, radius, ulna, metacarpals, phalanges, femur, tibia, fibula, metatarsals
73
How does endochondral bone formation begin?
a periosteal bone collar forms around the perimeter of the cartilage model
74
Where does the bone begin forming in the cartilage model, and what is this area called?
diaphysis - primary ossification center
75
Where does bone formation continue within the cartilage model (after the diaphysis), and what is this area called?
When do these new areas form?
epiphysis - secondary ossification center
| These form shortly after birth.
76
As the bone gets longer and wider at the diaphysis, it takes bone away from where and deposits it where? What is the result
```
takes away - endosteum
deposits - periosteum
The medullary (marrow) cavity enlarges and the bone stays light.
```
77
What is the difference between the primary and secondary ossification?
secondary doesn't make a marrow cavity
| - it remains spongy bone
78
The hyaline cartilage remains in two places following secondary offification. What are they?
1. articular cartilage
2. epiphyseal plate between the diaphysis and epiphysis
(growth plate)
79
From what embryonic germ layer does bone originally form? What cells are formed from this that create the membranes and cartilage?
mesoderm - mesenchyme (embryonic stem cells for CT)
80
Around what age is the skeleton usually fully ossified? What are some of the last bones to ossify?
age 25 - carpals
81
Bone formation exceeds bode resorption through what age?
adolescence
82
Osteoblasts and clasts should work equally through what age range?
young adults - as long as active and eating a balanced diet
83
Many people start losing bone mass around what age?
40
84
"normal" bone loss
osteopenia
85
when bone loss reaches disease proportions and a person has pathologic fractures
osteoporosis
86
Why do women lose more bone mass than men?
menopause - changing levels of sex hormones
87
What happens to bone with aging?
1. less complete osteon formation
2. less complete mineralization of bone
3. diminished blood supply
4. more nonviable (dead) bone
5. fractures heal more slowly
88
What can help bone repair in elderly?
ultrasound and electrical stimulation
89
a congenital type of dwarfism with defective cartilage and poor endochondral bone growth - short limbs but membranous bones (skull) forms normally
achondroplasia
90
an abnormal projection from a bone often due to overgrowth in aging bones
spur
91
pain in a bone
ostealgia
92
inflammation of bone
osteitis
93
brittle bone disease due to inadequate collagen fibers
OI - osteogenesis imperfecta
94
inflammation of bone and bone marrow caused by bacteria entering the bone from either a compound fracture or a infection spreading from near the bone
osteomyelitis
95
a bone cancer - often aggressive - can metastasize to lungs
osteosarcoma
96
a fracture in a diseased bone
pathologic fracture
97
placing sustained tension on a body region to keep it in alignment
traction
98
What kind of fractures are most common in people with osteoporosis?
1. compression fractures of the spine - hunched over
| 2. "hip" fracture - broken femur at the hip
99
What are the typical treatments for osteoporosis?
1. calcium supplements
2. vitamin D supplements
3. exercise
4. hormone replacement therapy - controversial due to side effects (stroke, heart attack, breast cancer)
100
How does genetics play a role in osteoporosis?
a specific gene has been found to reduce serotonin which inhibits osteoblasts
101
What are some other factors that contribute to osteoporosis?
1. petite body frame to start with
2. insufficient exercise or immobility
3. poor diet
4. abnormal vitamin D receptors
5. smoking (reduces estrogen levels)
6. diabetes
7. thyroid problems - hormones
8. carbonated beverages - leach minerals from bone
102
a disease of excessive and haphazard bone deposition and resorption making very thick bone in some areas and too much spongy bone in others
Paget's disease
103
a condition of soft and painful bones - poorly mineralized
| due to poor diet of Ca or not enough vitamin D to absorb it
osteomalacia
104
osteomalacia in children - get really bowed legs
rickets
105
any break in a bone
fracture
106
a fracture across the long axis of a bone
transverse
107
a fracture along the long axis of a bone
linear
108
a fracture that is out of alignment and will need to be set
displaced
109
a fracture that remains in alignment
nondisplaced
110
a fracture that breaks through the skin
compound or open
111
a fracture that doesn't break through the skin
simple or closed
112
a fracture of the growth plate - what is the concern
epiphyseal fracture - bone might stop growing
113
a common sports fracture caused by twisting
spiral
114
a crushing fracture - often of vertebrae
compression
115
a fracture in a young bone where it bends
greenstick
116
a fracture with many shattered pieces
comminuted
117
a broken bone is pushed inward - common in the skull
depressed
118
a common wrist fracture upon falling - breaks radius at thumb
Colles' fracture
119
an ankle break where the medial and lateral malleolus are broken
Pott's fracture
120
the realignment of a broken bone
reduction
121
What is the difference between an open and a closed reduction?
open - surgical
| closed - nonsurgical
122
What are the steps in fracture repair?
1. fracture hematoma - clots
2. fibrous callus forms
3. bony callus forms
4. remodeling
123
when bone is replaced and reshaped
| Why is it necessary?
remodeling - old bone salts get brittle.
124
Why does calcium need to be removed from bones?
We need certain calcium levels in our blood for muscle and nerve function so we sometimes borrow from the bones.
125
low calcium
| high calcium
hypocalcemia
| hypercalcemia
