chapter 1 Flashcards
(166 cards)
1
Q
study of body parts
A
anatomy
2
Q
study of body function
A
physiology
3
Q
branch of anatomy one can see without tools (2 terms)
A
macroscopic
gross
4
Q
branch of anatomy where a microscope is needed to see parts
A
microscopic
5
Q
the study of cells
A
cytology
6
Q
the study of tissues
A
histology
7
Q
the study of disease
A
pathology
8
Q
the study involving imaging techniques of the body
A
radioogy
9
Q
the study of early development
A
embryology
10
Q
a developing baby in its earliest stages
A
embryo
11
Q
a developing baby in its later stages
A
fetus
12
Q
a fertilized egg
A
zygote
13
Q
when cells develop unique jobs (2 terms)
A
cell specialization
cell differentiation
14
Q
renal
A
kidney
15
Q
pulmonary
A
lung
16
Q
the idea that structure is related to function
A
principle of complementarity
17
Q
the levels of organization from smallest to largest
A
atom - molecule - cell - tissue - organ - organ system - organism
18
Q
the smallest living unit
A
cell
19
Q
a group of cells working together
A
tissue
20
Q
a group of organs working together
A
organ system
21
Q
What do your skin and cell membranes do for living things?
A
maintain boundaries
22
Q
What necessary life function involves muscle contraction?
A
movement
23
Q
What things have to be moved internally?
A
blood, air, hormones…
24
Q
an organism reacts to changes in their environment
A
response
25
the changes in their environment to which an organism reacts
stimuli
26
short-term responses
irritability
27
long-term responses
adaptability
28
all the chemical reactions in an organism
metabolism
29
Name the two parts of metabolism, and explain each.
1. anabolic - synthesis
| 2. catabolic - decomposition
30
eating
ingestion
31
breaking food down into usable pieces
digestion
32
burning food to release energy (usually with oxygen)
respiration
33
getting rid of waste
excretion
34
producing a useful chemical and releasing it (tears, saliva, digestive juice)
secretion
35
when nutrients are soaked into the blood stream and then into cells
absorption
36
when materials like oxygen, nutrients, and hormones are pumped around the body pushed by the heart
circulation
37
when tiny particles in food are recombined to make new skin or muscle
assimilation
38
body system that covers and protects, makes vitamin D and detects stimuli
integumentary
39
skin, hair, nails and glands
integumentary
40
the body system that supports, protects, provides leverage for movement and makes blood cells
skeletal
41
the body system that moves you and generates body heat
muscular
42
the body system that fights infections (2 terms)
lymphatic, immune
43
the body system that exchanges gases with the environment
| What gas goes in? What comes out?
respiratory
| O2 in and CO2 out
44
the body system that breaks down food into a usable form
digestive
45
the lungs, trachea, bronchi, larynx
respiratory
46
the lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, and lymph vessels
lymphatic or immune
47
the body system that controls by electrical messages being conducted
nervous
48
How does nervous control work?
fast, specific - jerking hand away from something hot
49
the body system that controls by chemical messages called hormones
endocrine
50
How does endocrine control work?
slow, general - puberty
51
brain, spinal cord and nerves
nervous system
52
glands like thymus, adrenal, pituitary
endocrine
53
the body system that transports materials throughout the body - 2 terms
cardiovascular
| circulatory
54
the body system that filters the blood to produce waste - 2 terms
urinary
| excretory
55
heart, blood vessels
circulatory
| cardiovascular
56
kidneys, ureters, urethra
urinary
| excretory
57
the body system that allows you to mature to adult form and have offspring
reproductive
58
uterus, ovaries, penis, testes
reproductive
59
Name 3 products of excretion.
urine, feces, CO2
60
Name 4 major nutrients.
carbs, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids
61
What is the most abundant compound in your body?
water
62
what gas allows us to burn food more efficiently
oxygen
63
respiration with oxygen
aerobic
64
respiration without oxygen
anaerobic
65
Why is it necessary to have an appropriate body temperature?
allow metabolism at a healthy rate
66
Why is it necessary to have appropriate atmospheric pressure
allow gas exchange
67
your body's stable internal environment
homeostasis
68
a circular situation where your body monitors its environment and adjusts to changes
feedback
69
Name the two types of feedback. Give examples of each.
1. negative - thermoregulation, blood pressure
| 2. positive - labor and delivery and blood clotting
70
Which type of feedback is common?
negative
71
Give examples where positive feedback can cause health issues to cascade and get worse.
1. heart failure
| 2. allergic responses
72
What are the parts of the feedback system?
stimulus is picked up by receptors
sent to control center
effectors like glands and muscles respond
73
What happens when homeostasis can not be maintained?
get sick and even die
74
What is anatomical position?
facing forward with palms forward
75
Why is anatomical position necessary?
radius and ulna are not crossed
76
Face up
supine
77
face down
prone
78
above and below
superior and inferior
79
front and back
anterior and posterior
80
another term for anterior in humans (belly)
ventral
81
another term for posterior in humans (back)
dorsal
82
middle and sides
medial and lateral
83
in between two things
intermediate
84
What two terms are only used on ther limbs?
proximal and distal
85
near trunk and far from trunk
proximal and distal
86
surface and farther inside
superficial and deep
87
the midline of the body
axial
88
the limbs
appendicular
89
head
cephalic
90
neck
cervical
91
forehead
frontal
92
eye
ocular
93
eye socket
orbital
94
nose
nasal
95
mouth
oral
96
ear
otic
97
chin
mental
98
back of head
occipital
99
entire chest
thoracic
100
breast
mammary
101
chest muscles
pectoral
102
breastbone
sternal
103
armpits
axial
104
belly
abdominal
105
belly button
umbilical
106
hips
coxal or pelvic
107
front of pelvis
pubic
108
buttock
gluteal
109
groin
inguinal
110
shoulder blade
scapular
111
top of shoulder
acromial
112
middle of back
vertebral
113
lower back
lumbar
114
back of pelvis
sacral
115
upper arm
brachial
116
forearm
antebrachial
117
elbow
cubital and olecranol
118
elbow pocket
antecubital
119
wrist
carpal
120
entire hand
manual
121
front of hand
palmar
122
hand bones
metacarpal
123
thumb
pollex
124
fingers
digital and phalangeal
125
thigh
femoral
126
knee cap
patellar
127
back of knee
popliteal
128
front of lower leg
crural
129
back of lower leg
sural
130
entire foot
pedal
131
bottom of foot
plantar
132
big toe
hallux
133
heel bone
calcaneal
134
ankle
tarsal
135
foot bones
metatarsal
136
lateral surface of lower leg
fibular or peroneal
137
a plane that cuts into superior and inferior portions - 3 terms
horizontal
cross section
transverse
138
a plane that cuts into anterior and posterior sections - 2 terms
frontal
| coronal
139
a plane that cuts into left and right sections
sagittal
140
a sagittal cut in the middle - 2 terms
mid-sagittal
| medial
141
a sagittal cut that is not in the middle
parasagittal
142
a diagonal cut
oblique
143
the two main body cavities
dorsal and ventral
144
the two divisions of the dorsal cavity and what is in each
cranial - brain
| spinal or vertebral - spinal cord
145
the two divisions of the ventral body cavity
thoracic (chest) and abdominopelvic
146
the muscle that separates the thorax from the abdomen
diaphragm
147
the two cavities in the thorax - give what is in each
pleural - lungs
| pericardial - heart
148
the solid mass of tissue between the lungs and around the heart
mediastinum
149
the two divisions of the abdominopelvic cavity - give what is in each
abdomen - stomach, liver, intestines
| pelvis - urinary bladder
150
another name for the ventral body cavity
coelom
151
another name for the abdominopelvic cavity
peritoneum
152
Why are there body cavities?
allow organs to expand and move
153
Why are there membranes around every organ?
make slippery to prevent friction
154
What is the difference between open and closed body cavities
open - open to the outside and could dry out so they are lined with mucous membranes
155
Give examples of open body cavities
nasal, oral, ear, anal...
156
What are the two layers of serous membranes, and what is the difference?
visceral - on organ
| parietal - space away from organ
157
What is produced by serous membranes, and what is its function?
serous fluid - reduce friction
158
Inflammation in the membranes makes too much fluid and makes it hard for them to do their jobs. Name each.
pericarditis - around heart
pleuritis (pleurisy) - around lungs
peritonitis - around abdominopelvic organs
meningitis - around brain and spinal cord
159
Name the 4 abdominopelvic quadrants. Why are they used?
RUQ, LUQ, RLQ, LLQ - to give a general location
160
How are the abdominopelvic regions better? Name them.
more specific - right and left hypochondriac, right and left lumbar, right and left iliac or inguinal, epigastric, umbilical, and hypogastric
161
Name and contrast the 4 most common imaging techniques.
1. X ray - uses radiation - best at bones
2. CT - uses radiation and computers to make slices
3. MRI - uses magnets and computers to make slices - safe but expensive
4. ultrasound - uses sound waves - very safe and cheap
162
How can we x-ray soft tissue?
dyes and shakes
163
What is an x-ray of the stomach and small intestine?
upper GI
164
What color should air appear on x-ray?
black
165
What is another term for an ultrasound?
sonogram, echogram
166
Where are your synovial cavities?
around your joints
