nervous system

Question 1

afferent

Answer 1

sensory

Question 2

efferent

Answer 2

motor

Question 3

integrative

Answer 3

interneurons

Question 4

autonomic

Answer 4

involuntary

Question 5

somatic

Answer 5

voluntary

Question 6

“fight or flight”

Answer 6

sympathetic

Question 7

“rest and digest”

Answer 7

parasympathetic

Question 8

visceral

Answer 8

involving organs

Question 9

the central vervous system consists of what

Answer 9

brain and spinal cord

Question 10

the peripheral nervous system consists of what

Answer 10

nerves and ganglia

Question 11

What are the two major divisions of the PNS?

Answer 11

sensory (afferent) and motor (efferent)

Question 12

What are the two major divisions of the motor nervous system?

Answer 12

somatic (voluntary) and autonomic (involuntary)

Question 13

What are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system?

Answer 13

sympathetic (fight or flight) and parasympathetic (rest and digest)

Question 14

What is the big difference between neurons and neuroglia?

Answer 14

neurons send and receive electrical messages (excitable)

neuroglia support and protect neurons but don’t send or receive electrical messages

Question 15

make myelin in the CNS

Answer 15

oligodendrocytes

Question 16

make myelin in the PNS

Answer 16

Schwann cells/neurolemmocytes

Question 17

produce and circulate cerebrospinal fluid

Answer 17

ependymal cells

Question 18

clean up dead and damaged cells in the CNS

Answer 18

microglia

Question 19

most abundant and versatile glial cell, forms blood-brain barrier

Answer 19

astrocytes

Question 20

surround nerve cell bodies in the PNS

Answer 20

satellite cells

Question 21

short, numerous, receptive processes of neurons

Answer 21

dendrites

Question 22

long, conductive process, carries impulse away from the neuron cell body

Answer 22

axon

Question 23

biosynthetic center of a neuron

Answer 23

cell body/soma

Question 24

chromatophilic substance, rough ER in a nerve cell body

Answer 24

Nissl bodies

Question 25

bundles of fibers inside a nerve that help with structure and stability

Answer 25

neurofibrils

Question 26

"aging pigment" that is a lysosomal product

Answer 26

lipofuscin

Question 27

cone-shaped first part of an axon where the impulse is initiated

Answer 27

axon hillock

Question 28

branches of the axon

Answer 28

axon collaterals

Question 29

secretive ends of a neuron

Answer 29

axon terminals

Question 30

enlarged ends of axon terminals

Answer 30

synaptic bulbs

Question 31

store neurotransmitter inside synaptic bulb

Answer 31

synaptic vesicle

Question 32

when things are transported from the cell body toward the axon terminals

Answer 32

anterograde

Question 33

when things are transported from the axon terminals toward the cell body

Answer 33

retrograde

Question 34

fatty covering over an axon that allows messages to travel faster

Answer 34

myelin

Question 35

myelin sheath gaps

Answer 35

nodes of Ranvier

Question 36

the lighter regions of the brain and spinal cord covered in myelin

Answer 36

white matter

Question 37

the darker regions of the brain and spinal cord not covered in myelin

Answer 37

gray matter

Question 38

clumps of cell bodies in the CNS

Answer 38

nuclei

Question 39

clumps of cell bodies in the PNS

Answer 39

ganglia

Question 40

bundles of axons in the CNS

Answer 40

tracts

Question 41

bundles of axons outside the CNS

Answer 41

PNS

Question 42

the exposed portion of a Schwann cell membrane

Answer 42

neurolemma

Question 43

Give 2 reasons retrograde transport is significant.

Answer 43

allows some viruses to move to the cell body and used as a tool for introducing viruses to treat genetic disorders

Question 44

Which structural neuron type is most common?

Answer 44

multipolar

Question 45

Which structural neuron type is least common?

Answer 45

bipolar

Question 46

What happens to opposite charges?

Answer 46

attract

Question 47

What is needed to keep opposite charges apart?

Answer 47

energy

Question 48

the difference in charge across a membrane

Answer 48

potential difference

Question 49

What happens when opposite charges are allowed to come together?

Answer 49

energy is released

Question 50

the unit used to measure the difference in charge between two points

Answer 50

volts

Question 51

a tool to measure the difference in charge between two points

Answer 51

voltmeter

Question 52

the flow of electrical charge from one point to another

Answer 52

current

Question 53

the hindrance to current flow

Answer 53

resistance

Question 54

the relationship between current, voltage, and resistance is shown by this

Answer 54

Ohm's Law

Question 55

substances with high electrical resistance

Answer 55

insulators

Question 56

substances with low electrical resistance

Answer 56

conductors

Question 57

What provides resistance to current in neurons?

Answer 57

plasma (cell) membrane

Question 58

the chemicals which serve as ion channels

Answer 58

proteins

Question 59

channels that are always open

Answer 59

leakage (nongated)

Question 60

channels that open when a specific neurotransmitter binds to it

Answer 60

chemically (ligand) gated

Question 61

channels that open and close in response to changes in the membrane potential

Answer 61

voltage-gated

Question 62

channels that open when receptors are physically deformed

Answer 62

mechanically gated

Question 63

how ions move passively from high to low concentration and toward opposite charges

Answer 63

electrochemical gradient

Question 64

the difference in charge on either side of a resting neuron membrane

Answer 64

resting potential

Question 65

having opposite charged ends or sides

Answer 65

polarized

Question 66

a loss of charge difference

Answer 66

depolarization

Question 67

an increase in membrane resting potential, the inside becomes more negative

Answer 67

hyperpolarization

Question 68

a local change in membrane potential, magnitude varies with signal strength

Answer 68

graded potential

Question 69

the minimum stimulus needed to cause a response

Answer 69

threshold

Question 70

a weak stimulus that doesn't cause a response

Answer 70

subthreshold

Question 71

when the message is sent along the axon

Answer 71

propagated

Question 72

the nerve either sends the message or doesn't, nothing in between

Answer 72

all-or-none phenomenon

Question 73

the time when a neuron can not respond

Answer 73

absolute refractory period

Question 74

the time when the threshold stimulus is greatly elevated

Answer 74

relative refractory period

Question 75

How are the gates arranged when the neuron is resting?

Answer 75

all closed

Question 76

What gates open to depolarize the membrane and send the action potential

Answer 76

Na+

Question 77

What gates open to repolarize the membrane?

Answer 77

K+

Question 78

a nerve impulse, long-distance signal

Answer 78

action potential

Question 79

What is the purpose of graded potentials?

Answer 79

cause action potentials

Question 80

What 2 factors affect the speed of a nerve impulse?

Answer 80

diameter of fiber and amount of myelin

Question 81

slow impulse conduction in unmyelinated fiber

Answer 81

continuous

Question 82

fast impulse conduction in myelinated fibers

Answer 82

saltatory

Question 83

an autoimmune disease characterized by hardened lesions on the myelin sheaths

Answer 83

multiple sclerosis

Question 84

large diameter fibers with thick myelin, fastest

Answer 84

Group A

Question 85

small, unmyelinated fibers, slowest

Answer 85

Group C

Question 86

medium thick fibers with light myelin

Answer 86

Group B

Question 87

quick successive stimuli summate to increase the amplitude of a graded potential

Answer 87

temporal summation

Question 88

multiple stimuli at different locations increases the amplitude of a graded potential

Answer 88

spatial summation

Question 89

immature nerve cells

Answer 89

neuroblasts

Question 90

What happens to most neuroblasts

Answer 90

die if don't make good connections

Question 91

Why are most tumors of the nervous system gliomas?

Answer 91

neurons are so specialized that they have lost the ability to divide

Question 92

What three things disrupt nerve messages?

Answer 92

local anesthetics block Na channels | cold and pressure disrupt blood flow

Question 93

What ions are responsible for the resting potential or charge difference in a resting neuron?

Answer 93

Na+ and K+