chapter 5 - integumentary system

Question 1

your body system that includes your skin, hair, nails, and glands

Answer 1

integumentary

Question 2

a skin doctor

Answer 2

dermatologist

Question 3

the most superficial region of the skin

Answer 3

epidermis

Question 4

of what tissue is the epidermis composed

Answer 4

keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

Question 5

the waterproof protein in your epidermis

Answer 5

keratin

Question 6

the most numerous cells in the epidermis

Answer 6

keratinocytes

Question 7

the pigment-producing cells in the epidermis

Answer 7

melanocytes

Question 8

the brown/black pigment produced by your skin in the presence of sunlight

Answer 8

melanin

Question 9

cancer of the melanin producing cells

Answer 9

melanoma

Question 10

What makes melanoma so dangerous?

Answer 10

metastasizes, resistant to chemotherapy

Question 11

the region of skin beneath the epidermis, the true skin

Answer 11

dermis

Question 12

Of what tissue is the dermis composed?

Answer 12

dense irregular CT

Question 13

What is the purpose of the dermis having irregular CT?

Answer 13

can withstand stress from multiple directions

Question 14

What is the region of skin beneath the dermis (3 terms)?

Answer 14

hypodermis, superficial fascia, subcutaneous

Question 15

Of what tissue is the hypodermis mostly composed?

Answer 15

loose CT - adipose

Question 16

What is the importance of the adipose in the hypodermis? Give three.

Answer 16

insulates, cushions and protects, and stores energy

Question 17

What is the difference between thick and thin skin, and where is each found?

Answer 17

thick - 5 layers - palms and soles

thin - 4 layers - everywhere except palms and soles

Question 18

Name the 5 layers of epidermis from superficial to deep, and give a short description of each layer.

Answer 18

stratum corneum - thick, dead, flattened cells (keratinized)
strtum lucidum - clear layer in palms and soles
stratum granulosum - grainy layer filling with keratin
stratum spinosum - prickle layer (cells are shrinking)
stratum basale - a single germinating layer

Question 19

the immune cells of the epidermis - 2 terms

Answer 19

Langerhans cells - epidermal dendritic cells

Question 20

What happens to the immune cells of the epidermis with age, and what is the result?

Answer 20

decrease in number - increased skin problems

Question 21

Name, and describe the two layers of the dermis.

Answer 21

1. papillary layer - consists of dermal papilla that interlock with the epidermis and create skin patterns
2. reticular layer - lots of collagen fibers

Question 22

What is the purpose of the friction ridges created by the pattern of dermal papillae in the reticular dermis?

Answer 22

grasping

Question 23

What determines the pattern of friction ridges?

Answer 23

genetics

Question 24

The overall pattern of collagen fibers in the dermis creates what?

Answer 24

lines of cleavage or tension lines

Question 25

Who cares about lines of cleavage or tension lines, and why?

Answer 25

cosmetic surgeons because cutting with the pattern reduces scars

Question 26

What is the importance of the abundant collagen fibers in the dermis? Give 2 answers.

Answer 26

1. strength | 2. binds to water and keeps skin hydrated

Question 27

dermal folds near joints where the dermis is attached to deeper structures

Answer 27

flexure lines

Question 28

torn collagen fibers in the skin (2 terms)

Answer 28

stretch marks or striae

Question 29

What is the importance of the elastic fibers in the dermis?

Answer 29

help skin stretch and recoil

Question 30

a separation of the epidermis and dermis where fluid accumulates between the layers

Answer 30

blister

Question 31

Where on Earth does darker skin originate, and why?

Answer 31

equatorial regions - protects nuclei from sun damage

Question 32

a yellow orange pigment in some plants

Answer 32

carotene

Question 33

Where in the body does carotene tend to concentrate (2 places)?

Answer 33

stratum corneum | adipose

Question 34

What vitamin is made from carotene, and what does it do for us?

Answer 34

vitamin A - essential for vision and epidermal health

Question 35

Give a vegetable that contains carotene.

Answer 35

carrots

Question 36

the iron-containing pigment in our blood that gives us a pink color

Answer 36

hemoglobin

Question 37

when people appear blue due to a lack of oxygen in blood

Answer 37

cyanosis

Question 38

when people appear red due to dilation of capillaries

Answer 38

erythema

Question 39

What might make a person cyanotic?

Answer 39

heart and respiratory problems

Question 40

turning white due to a lack of blood flow from fear, anger, or emotional stress (2 terms)

Answer 40

pallor or blanching

Question 41

when people turn yellow due to liver issues

Answer 41

jaundice

Question 42

when people turn a bronze color without excess sunlight (2 reasons)

Answer 42

1. Addison's disease | 2. pituitary tumor

Question 43

black and blue marks or bruises under the skin

Answer 43

hematomas

Question 44

3 major skin appendages

Answer 44

hair, nails, glands

Question 45

another name for a sweat gland

Answer 45

sudoriferous glands

Question 46

the two main types of sweat glands

Answer 46

1. merocrine or eccrine | 2. apocrine

Question 47

Which type of sweat gland is more numerous?

Answer 47

merocrine

Question 48

What is sweat mostly made up of?

Answer 48

99% water

Question 49

What is the main function of sweat?

Answer 49

evaporative cooling

Question 50

Other than cooling, what are two major functions of sweat?

Answer 50

kills germs and excretes wastes (dilute urine)

Question 51

What are the 2 main locations for apocrine sweat glands?

Answer 51

1. axillary region | 2. anogenital region

Question 52

What causes apocrine sweat to stink?

Answer 52

It is more nutritious so bacteria feed on it, and the bacteria stink.

Question 53

When do apocrine glands really start functioning?

Answer 53

puberty

Question 54

What are ceruminous glands, and where are they found?

Answer 54

wax glands in ear

Question 55

What is the importance of cerumen or earwax?

Answer 55

prevent stuff from entering ear

Question 56

What are mammary glands?

Answer 56

breast milk producing glands

Question 57

oil glands

Answer 57

sebaceous

Question 58

What type of secretion is oil?

Answer 58

holocrine

Question 59

What is the importance of oil to the skin?

Answer 59

keep it moisturized so it doesn't crack and let germs in

Question 60

When do sebaceous glands really start functioning?

Answer 60

puberty

Question 61

What are sebaceous glands usually attached to?

Answer 61

hair follicle

Question 62

Other than moisturizing, what does sebum do for you?

Answer 62

kills germs

Question 63

The contraction of what muscle helps to expel the sebum from the hair follicle?

Answer 63

arrector pili

Question 64

at puberty, when oil glands get blocked and accumulate sebum

Answer 64

whiteheads

Question 65

oxidized whiteheads

Answer 65

blackheads

Question 66

inflammation of sebaceous glands accompanied by bacterial infection and pimples

Answer 66

acne

Question 67

cradle cap - overactive sebaceous glands in infants

Answer 67

seborrhea

Question 68

the structure that produces the hair

Answer 68

hair follicle

Question 69

a hair

Answer 69

pilus (pili)

Question 70

functions of hair

Answer 70

protect from insects, protect from heat loss, protect from sunlight, protect from abrasion and trauma, shield eyes, filter air we breathe

Question 71

Of what chemical are hair and nails composed

Answer 71

keratin

Question 72

Name the three layers of a hair shaft from outside to inside.

Answer 72

cuticle, cortex, medulla

Question 73

What is the term for damaged hair cuticle?

Answer 73

split ends

Question 74

the nerve endings that wrap around the bottom of a hair follicle

Answer 74

root hair plexus, hair follicle receptor,

Question 75

the two layers of the hair follicle

Answer 75

internal root sheath (epidermis) and external root sheath (dermis)

Question 76

the actively growing part of the hair

Answer 76

matrix

Question 77

What do the arrector pili muscles do to warm a person up?

Answer 77

Goosebumps are tiny muscles contracting. They also trap air next to the body.

Question 78

What is the difference between vellus and terminal hair?

Answer 78

vellus - peach fuzz | terminal - more coarse and dark (after puberty)

Question 79

Why are the hairs on your scalp longer than eyebrows?

Answer 79

longer growth cycle between rest cycles

Question 80

What do we call a hair that is ready to fall out?

Answer 80

club hair

Question 81

How many hairs can a person lose a day without being sick?

Answer 81

around 100

Question 82

What are some factors that can increase hair loss?

Answer 82

stress, poor nutrition, heavy metal poisoning, fever, certain drugs

Question 83

excessive hairiness, often adrenal gland or ovarian tumors cause it

Answer 83

hirsutism

Question 84

hair loss

Answer 84

alopecia

Question 85

autoimmune hair loss in patches

Answer 85

alopecia areata

Question 86

low pH of skin makes it be called what

Answer 86

acid mantle

Question 87

What does our skin protect us from?

Answer 87

abrasion, dehydration, infection

Question 88

What does our skin make in the presence of sunlight?

Answer 88

melanin and vitamin D

Question 89

What is the importance of vitamin D?

Answer 89

allows us to absorb calcium

Question 90

What is the importance of melanin?

Answer 90

shades our nuclei from sun damage

Question 91

specialized nerve endings for pressure

Answer 91

Pacinian corpuscles

Question 92

specialized nerve endings for touch

Answer 92

Meissner's corpuscles

Question 93

What do free nerve endings detect?

Answer 93

pain and temperature

Question 94

Name, and describe the three major types of skin cancer.

Answer 94

melanoma - dark tumor of melanocytes squamous cell carcinoma - often an open sore, upper cells of skin basal cell carcinoma - often raised and shiny, lower cells of epidermis

Question 95

What is the rule for telling if a growth is cancer?

Answer 95

``` ABCDE Rule A is for asymmetry B is for border C is for color D is for diameter E is for elevation ```

Question 96

What are the 2 major threats to life after a serious burn?

Answer 96

1. sepsis - widespread bacterial infection | 2. dehydration

Question 97

How do doctors estimate the extent of burn damage?

Answer 97

rule of nines

Question 98

Name and describe the 3 major categories of burns.

Answer 98

1st degree - epidermis only - red, swollen, and painful 2nd degree - epidermis and dermis - will blister 3rd degree - epidermis and all of dermis - no pain or swelling

Question 99

Why don't third degree burns hurt or swell?

Answer 99

no blood vessels or nerve endings left

Question 100

How must 3rd degree burns be treated?

Answer 100

IV fluids, antibiotics and calories grafting to cover wound debridement to prevent infection and fluid loss as well as lessen scars

Question 101

downy coat of hair on a newborn

Answer 101

lanugo coat

Question 102

the waxy coating of a newborn made by sebaceous glands

Answer 102

vernix caseosa

Question 103

white spots that are collections of keratin in newborns

Answer 103

milia

Question 104

What happens to the skin at puberty

Answer 104

glands increase activity - acne

Question 105

What happens to the skin around 30?

Answer 105

cumulative sun damage starts to show

Question 106

inflammation of skin

Answer 106

dermatitis