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Human Phyisology Cuesta College Bio 205 > Chapter 4 Reactions, Enzymes And Cellular Metabolism > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Reactions, Enzymes And Cellular Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

What do I & J represent in this reaction
I + J -> P + Q

A

Reactants

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2
Q

What do P & Q represent in this reaction
I + J -> P + Q

A

Products

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3
Q

What type of energy is used to describe energy of motion

A

Kinetic

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4
Q

What is the term to describe stored energy

A

Potential energy

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5
Q

This energy is stored in chemical bonds of a molecule and available to work once the bond I broken

A

Free energy

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6
Q

what type of energy must be invested to start a reaction in a biological reaction

A

Activation energy

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7
Q

What kind of reaction breaks chemical bonds to make simpler molecules from complex ones and release the free energy for use elsewhere

A

Exergonic reaction

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8
Q

What type of reaction needs input of energy to form new chemical bonds that creates complex molecules from simpler ones and then stored free energy in those new chemical bonds

A

Endergonic

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9
Q

What molecule is the primary energy source for biological reaction

A

ATP

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10
Q

What is happening to a molecule when is gains a high energy electron and H+ ion during a chemical reaction

A

Reduced

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11
Q

What is happening to a molecule when it loses a high energy electron (& H+ ion) during a chemical reaction

A

Oxidized

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12
Q

What type of reaction is happening when a molecule gains a phosphate group during a chemical reaction

A

Phosphorylation

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13
Q

Whats it called when a enzyme transfer a phosphate group from one molecule to another

A

Kinase

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14
Q

What type of reaction describes when a water molecule is removed to build a larger molecule from smaller ones

A

Dehydration

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15
Q

What type of reaction is when one large substrate molecule is split up into several smaller molecules when water is added to the reaction

A

Hydrolysis

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16
Q

What enzyme describes removing high energy electrons and H+ ions from a reactant

A

Dehydrogenase

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17
Q

What enzyme adds a phosphate group from inorganic source to other molecules

A

Phosphorylase

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18
Q

What enzymes removed a phosphate group from molecule then releases into the solution

A

Phosphatase

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19
Q

This enzyme transfer an amino group from one molecule to another

A

transaminase

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20
Q

This enzyme joins 2 substrates while using ATP

A

Synthetase

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21
Q

What enzymes split protein into smaller ones or a single amino acid through the addition of water

A

Peptidase

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22
Q

This term refers to all chemical reaction that take place in an organism

A

Metabolism

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23
Q

This term refers to the energy utilizing reaction that results in synthesis uh large bio molecules from smaller monomers

A

Anabolism

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24
Q

This term describes to the release of energy through the breakdown of large bio molecules into smaller smaller monomers

A

Catabolism

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25
Q

What kind of reaction need oxygen and take place in the mitochondria

A

Aerobic reaction

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26
Q

What kind of reaction does not require oxygen and takes place in cytosol

A

Anaerobic

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27
Q

What aerobic metabolic reaction produces the most ATP per molecule of glucose metabolized by a cell

A

Electron transport system

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28
Q

This anaerobic reaction transform a glucose molecule into 2 puruvate molecules and produces 2 ATP & 2 NADH molecules

A

Glycolysis

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29
Q

What aerobic pathway produces 2 ATP molecules and 8 nucleotides based molecules that store high energy electrons

A

Citric Acid Cycle

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30
Q

What molecules stored high energy electrons & contains potential energy to produce 2.5 ATP molecules on average.

A

NADH

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31
Q

What molecules stored High energy electrons but only contains enough potential energy to produce 1.5 ATO molecules on average

A

FADH 2

32
Q

What is NAD

A
33
Q

What is FAD

A
34
Q

What is cAMP

A
35
Q

What DNA nucleic acids go together

A

Adenine to tyrosine
C to g

36
Q

What RNA nucleic acid go together

A

Adenine to uracil
Guanine to Cytosine

37
Q

What type of bonds bonds proteins?

A

Peptide bonds are covalent bonds

38
Q

What type of bond is used for nucleotides

A

Phosphide

39
Q

What type of bond is used for lipids?

A

Ester bonds

40
Q

What type of bond is used for carbohydrates

A

Glycocidic bonds

41
Q

Define a substrate

A

When an enzyme binds to a membrane transporter

42
Q

What are the four functional groups of molecules

A

Hydroxyl, amine, phosphate and carboxyl

43
Q

Describe a quaternary protein sctrurs

A
44
Q

Define a Fibrous protein

A

Non soluble and forms various parts of the cytoskeleton

45
Q

Define a Globular protein

A

Part of the tertiary protein structure that is soluble in water and has seven different categories

46
Q

Describe a secondary structure of protein

A

Will include a alpha helix or beta pleated sheet

47
Q

Describe a tertiary structure of protein

A

Include globular proteins and fibrous proteins are three dimensional structure involving alpha helix and beta pleated sheets that involve bending and folding of the secondary structure

48
Q

Describe a quaternary structure of protein

A

Formed of 2 or more teriatary structures and are functional

49
Q

What describes an enzyme reaction that uses a phosphate group to either transfer, discard or add to a protein

A

Covalent modulation

50
Q

Name the protein activation methods (4)

A

Proteolytic, cofactor, allosteric and covalent

51
Q

Name the protein inhibition methods (4)

A

Covalent, proteolytic, allosteric, competitive

52
Q

This type of arrangement of pholipids form a sheet

A

Bilayer

53
Q

This type of arrangement look like droplets and are important for lipid digestion

A

Micelles

54
Q

This arrangement of phospholipids has an aqueous center and spherical shaped

A

Liposomes

55
Q

What are the two integral
Proteins?

A

Transmembrane and lipid anchor proteins

56
Q

Define a peripheral protein

A

Only on one side of the membrane that are attached to integral protein and be separated without causing damage

57
Q

Define a transmembrane protein

A

A protein that goes from one side to the other of a plasma membrane

58
Q

Define a lipid anchor protein

A

They only present on one side and conjugated to lipid tails embedded in the membrane will cause damage if removed

59
Q

What are microfilaments

A

They’re composed of actin and help in membrane movement with the cytoskeleton

60
Q

What are intermediate fibers? Made of and do for the cell

A

Made of myosin, keratin and neurofilaments and involved with the cytoskeleton, contractions and provide cell strength

61
Q

What are microtubules? Made of and do?

A

Made of turbulence and involved with the cytoskeleton movement of cilia on some epithelial cells, flagella on sperm chromosome movement and intracelular transport

62
Q

What does the smooth ER do?

A

Makes lipids and fatty acids as well store calcium ions for
Muscles

63
Q

What does the rough endoplamsic reticulum do?

A

Do protein modification in the inside and Made of ribosome and on

64
Q

What are peroxisomes?

A

Vesicles that contains enzymes to break down fatty acids and foreign materials

65
Q

What is a nucleolus?

A

Also called nucleoli that contains DNA that codes for rRNA

66
Q

What are gap junctions?

A

These junction all chemical and electrical signals and connect cytoplasm of two adjacent cells

67
Q

What are tight junctions?

A

These junctions create barrier that regulate movement of substances

68
Q

What are desmosomes

A

Button like, anchoring junctions that help cells form strong tissues

69
Q

ATP -CP system. Where does it operate?

A

In the cytosol in anaerobic conditions

70
Q

ATP -CP system. What are the initial substrates and what’s produced?

A

Initial substrates : ADP & CP
Products : ATP & Cr

71
Q

ATP -CP system. What is the rate limiting enzyme?

A

Rate limiting enzyme is creatine Kinase.
Lasts about 10-15 seconds

72
Q

Glycolysis. What does it do it’s work?

A

It’s an anaerobic metabolic system that works in the cytosol

73
Q

Glycolysis. What are the primary substrates and products?

A

Initial substrates : glucose & 2 ATP
products : 4 ATP, 2 pyruvate , 2 NADH

74
Q

Glycolysis. What is the rate limiting enzyme? How long does it work?

A

Rate limiting enzyme : phosphofructokinase
Time to fatigue : 60-90 seconds

75
Q

Citric Acid Cycle. Where does it do it’s work?

A

It is aerobic and work in the mitochondria

76
Q

Citric Acid Cycle. What is the initial substrates and products?

A

Initial substrates : Acetyl CoA

Products 1 ATP , 1 FADH2 , 2 C02, 3 NADH

77
Q

Citric acid cycle. What is the rate limiting enzyme? Time to fatigue?

A

Rate limiting enzyme : Isocitrate dehydrogenase
Time to fatigue : can continue for a few hours

Human Phyisology Cuesta College Bio 205 (12 decks)

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